Lecture 3 - Respiration Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
taken into the body via respiratory process
A
oxygen
2
Q
process by which organisms exchange gases with their environment to produce energy
A
respiration
3
Q
Three types of respiration
A
- cellular respiration
- internal respiration
- external respiration
4
Q
- muscles between the ribs
- involved in breathing
- chest cavity expand, lowering volume of air inside causing inhalation
A
intercostal muscles
5
Q
diaphragm, rib cage and chest wall relax and return to their original position, which expels the air from the lungs.
A
quiet exhalation
6
Q
what happens during exhalation
A
diaphragm, rib cage, and chest wall relax and return to original position
7
Q
- lined with epithelium
- Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles (tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs)
- where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during
A
alveoli
8
Q
gas exchange in internal respiration
A
blood and cells
9
Q
gas exchange in external respiration
A
environment and lungs
10
Q
Three steps in cellular respiration
A
- glycolysis
- krebs cycle / citric acid cycle
- electron transport chain
11
Q
what happens in glycolysis
A
glucose to pyruvic acid
12
Q
what happens in krebs cycle
A
pyruvic acid to NADH
13
Q
Types of Respiratory Structures
A
- diffusion across body surfaces
- tracheal systems
- branchial systems
- book lungs and book gills
- mantle cavity
14
Q
organisms with diffusion across body surfaces type of respiration
A
- protozoans
- sponges
- cnidarians
- flatworms
- annelids
15
Q
surface area in diffusion across body surfaces type of respiration
A
surface area > volume of body
16
Q
mechanism of diffusion across body surfaces type of respiration
A
- direct simple diffusion
- cutaneous respiration
17
Q
direct simple diffusion
A
across moist body surfaces
18
Q
cutaneous respiration
A
directly through the moist skin
19
Q
- animal takes in O2 through its surface
- animal eliminates CO2 through its surface
A
diffusion across body surfaces
20
Q
- gases go in or out of the spiracles
- gases are exchanged through the tissues at the tips of the branches
A
tracheal systems
21
Q
organisms with tracheal systems
A
- insects
- arachnids
22
Q
structure in tracheal systems
A
tracheae
23
Q
mechanism of tracheal systems
A
air enters through spiracles and diffuse through tracheae to reach cells
24
Q
- opening in the body surface
- can be opened/closed voluntarily
- air enters through body movements (flying)
A
spiracles
25
how does air enter the body of animals with tracheal systems
movement (flying)
26
tracheal system
spiracles -> tracheae -> tracheoles
27
tracheal system is __ of the circulation of the body
independent
28
direct, most efficient system among all active animals
tracheal system
29
- countercurrent system
- found in aquatic species
branchial systems
30
organisms with branchial systems
- mollusks
- crustaceans
- annelids
31
structure in branchial systems
- dermal papulae
- branchial tufts
- internal gills
32
projections of the coelom that serve in respiration and waste removal
dermal papulae
33
used to create both feeding and respiratory currents, offer a large surface area for gas exchange.
branchial tufts
34
structure formed from the outgrowth of pharynx inside the body
- used to increase the rate of diffusion of gases and help in counter-current mechanism
Internal gills
35
mechanism of branchial systems
countercurrent system
36
air or water flows through the lamellae
book lungs and book gills
37
difference between book lungs and book gills
book lungs - internal
book gills - external
38
organisms with book lungs and book gills
- arachnids
- horseshoe crabs
39
structure in book lungs and book gills
stacked lamellae
40
mechanism of book lungs and book gills
- air or water flows through lamellae
- countercurrent flow if blood and air
41
air enters to the mantle cavity via a breathing hole (pneumostome)
mantle cavity
42
organisms with mantle cavity
gastropods
43
structure of mantle cavity
ctenidia
44
breathing hole in mantle cavity
pneumostome
45
secrete material for shells
mantle
46
Respiratory pigments
1. hemocyanin
2. hemoglobin
47
where does hemocyanin perform better
cold environmets with low oxygen pressure
48
where does hemoglobin perform better
oxygen rich environments
49
what does hemocyanin contain
contains copper linking other parts of the molecule
50
what does hemoglobin contain
iron surrounded by atoms of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen
51
what does hemocyanin bind with
oxygen non cooperatively most of the time
52
what does hemoglobin bind with
oxygen cooperatively all of the time
53
efficiency of hemocyanin in binding with oxygen
1/4 as efficient as hemoglobin
54
how is hemocyanin found
free floating in blood
55
how is hemoglobin found
connected to red blood cells
56
Other unique adaptations
1. respiratory pigment
2. anaerobic respiration
57
ATP in aerobic respiration
36-38 ATP
58
ATP in anaerobic respiration
2 ATP
59
example of organisms with anaerobic respiration
roundworms (endoparasites in intestine)
60
found in higher forms
circulatory system
61
components of circulatory system
1. pump
2. arterial distribution system
3. capillaries (interfacing with cells)
4. venous reservoir and return system
62
used in distribution
arterial distribution system
63
used for recovery
venous reservoir and return system
64
important factor in the design of the circulatory system
size
65
where does the circulatory system of earthworms rely on
peristaltic movement
66
functions as heart in earthworms
dorsal vessel
67
where do dorsal vessels in earthworms run along
anterior region
68
where do ventral vessels in earthworms run along
posterior region
69
Two types of circulatory system
1. open circulatory system
2. closed circulatory system
70
- pump blood into a hemocoel with the blood diffusing back to the circulatory system between cells
- common to molluscs and arthropods
open circulatory system
71
where are open circulatory system common
- molluscs
- arthropods
72
where is the blood pumped to in open circulatory system
hemocoel
73
what is pumped in open circulatory systems
hemolymph
74
hemolymph
mix of blood and interstitial fluid
75
- blood is pumped by a hearth through vessels, and does not normally fill body cavities
- found in vertebrates and a few invertebrates
closed circulatory system
76
where is blood pumped in closed circulatory system
by heart through vessels
77
how is hemocoel formed
fusion of primary blastocoel with coelom
78
mesoderm in closed circulatory system
expanding
79
mesoderm in open circulatory system
restricted
80
eucoelomate embryo
gastrula
81
have a true coelom that arises entirely within the mesoderm germ layer and is lined by an epithelial membrane
Eucoelomates
82
parts of a eucoelomate embryo
- mesoderm
- coelom
- blastocoel
