Lesson 6 - Reproduction And Development Flashcards
(60 cards)
1
Q
Two types of reproduction
A
- Asexual reproduction
- Sexual reproduction
2
Q
Different types of asexual reproduction
A
- budding
- fragmentation
- binary fission
- parthenogenesis
3
Q
- asexual reproduction method in which a new organism develops from a bud of an existing organism
- Until the new organism matures, it remains attached to the parent organism.
A
Budding
4
Q
e.g. Budding
A
hydra
5
Q
- fragment of the parent breaks off and develops into an entirely new but genetically identical individual.
- The parent will then regenerate, or regrow, the piece that broke off, so in the end there are two new individuals from one.
A
Fragmentation
6
Q
e.g. Fragmentation
A
- flatworms
- starfish
7
Q
- a separation of the body into two new bodies
- an organism duplicates its genetic material, or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and then divides into two parts (cytokinesis), with each new organism receiving one copy of DNA.
A
binary fission
8
Q
e.g. binary fission
A
flatworms
9
Q
asexual reproduction in which a female can produce an embryo without fertilizing an egg with sperm
A
Parthenogenesis
10
Q
e.g. Parthenogenesis
A
arthropods
11
Q
no. of chromosomes of male bee
A
haploid
12
Q
no. of chromosomes of female bee
A
diploid
13
Q
formed by parthenogenesis of queen bee
A
drone
14
Q
formed by fertilization of gametes of bees
A
- worker sterile female
- queen
15
Q
form of parthenogenesis in which unfertilized eggs develop into males.
A
arrhenotokous parthenogenesis
16
Q
Different types of sexual reproduction
A
- external fertilization
- internal fertilization
- hermaphroditism
17
Q
- sperm of a male creature fertilizes the egg of a female organism outside the female’s body
- external
A
External fertilization
18
Q
- occurs when the sperm fertilizes the egg inside the female
- terrestrial
A
Internal fertilization
19
Q
male and female gonads are present in one organism
A
hermaphroditism
20
Q
e.g. external fertilization
A
echinoderms
21
Q
e.g. internal fertilization
A
insects
22
Q
e.g. hermaphroditism
A
earthworms
23
Q
Types of hermaphroditism
A
- Simultaneous hermaphroditism
- Sequential hermaphroditism
24
Q
when the same organism has both the male and female sex organs and produces both types of gametes.
A
Simultaneous hermaphroditism
25
an organism switches from its inborn sex to the opposite sex, a development observed primarily in certain fish and gastropods.
Sequential hermaphroditism
26
Types of Sequential hermaphroditism
1. protandry
2. protogyny
27
organism starts life as a male and later transforms into a female
protandry
28
e.g. protandry
- shrimp
- limpets
29
organism begins as a female and then changes into a male
protogyny
30
e.g. protogyny
- slugs
- oysters
- polychaetes
31
raised band encircling the body of oligochaete worms and some leeches, made up of reproductive segments
clitellum
32
Sexual Reproduction Processes
1. sex determination
2. gametogenesis
3. reproductive timing
4. mating behavior
5. fertilization
6. fecundity
33
- sex differentiation
- sex ratio
sex determination
34
- gamete quality
- composition
gametogenesis
35
- synchronization
- spawn timing
reproductive timing
36
- mate choice
- competition
mating behavior
37
- egg and sperm viability
- fertilization success
fertilization
38
- reproductive output
- brooder hatch rate
fecundity
39
Developmental stages in invertebrates
1. larval stages
2. metamorphosis
3. direct development
40
e.g. of larval stages
- caterpillars
- tadpoles
41
Common larval forms
1. trochophore
2. veliger
3. nauplius
4. planula
42
Free-swimming planktonic marine larva with several bands of cilia
trochophore
43
e.g. of trochophore
- annelids
- molluscs
44
what is used in trochophore
cilia
45
- larva typical of certain mollusks such as marine snails and bivalves and a few freshwater bivalves.
- develops from the trochophore (q.v.) larva and has large, ciliated lobes (velum). The velum forms from the ciliary ring (prototroch), a characteristic of the trochophore stage
veliger
46
e.g. veliger
many molluscs
47
how does a veliger feed
filter feeding
48
- first planktonic larval form of most marine and of some freshwater crustaceans, from barnacles to anostracans to decapods
- free-swimming
Nauplius
49
e.g. Nauplius
crustaceans
50
- free-swimming or crawling larval type
- common in many species of the phylum Cnidaria
Planula
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e.g. Planula
cnidarians
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- transformation of morphology from juvenile to adult form
- Dramatic change in the form and often the habits of an animal during its development after birth or hatching
metamorphosis
53
Two types of metamorphosis
1. holometabolous
2. hemimetabolous
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complete metamorphosis
holometabolous
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incomplete metamorphosis
hemimetabolous
56
in entomology, sexually immature insect that is usually similar to the adult form
nymph
57
type of development in which a young is directly born as a small version of an adult and it develops into a mature individual without undergoing metamorphosis.
direct development
58
e.g. direct development
snail
59
ensure survival and genetic diversity
asexual and sexual reproduction
60
unique adaptations that offer reproductive flexibility
- hermaphroditism
- parthenogenesis
