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SPEECH A+P EXAM 3 > Lecture 23 > Flashcards

Lecture 23 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the word kinematic mean?

A

Movement

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2
Q

Kinematic information references __________ and deal with _________ and __________ of ________

A

“Displacement”; positioning, movement of structures

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3
Q

What is displacement?

A

How much the structure moves?

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4
Q

What does EMG stand for?

A

Electromyography

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5
Q

What does an EMG give information on?

A

Neuromuscular control

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6
Q

What are two forces in articular activity?

A

1) force of contact

2) aerodynamics

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7
Q

Most information on ________ activity is known from imaging

A

Pharyngeal

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8
Q

What is the pharyngeal activity on low vowels versus high vowels?

A

Low vowels = lower part of pharynx is constricted

High vowels = lower part of pharynx is wider, possibly even dialated

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9
Q

What is the major role of velopharyngeal activity?

A

Couple and de a couple the oral/nasal cavities

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10
Q

What is it called when the velum anticipates nasal and starts lowering during the vowel?

A

Coarticulation

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11
Q

Velar closure isn’t a _______, its a _________

A

Binary; continuum

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12
Q

The most useful information on tongue activity comes from ______ view _____ _____

A

Lateral; x-ray films

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13
Q

Which directions can the tongue move?

A

1) up and down
2) left and right
3) front and back

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14
Q

traditionally, tongue activity is typically described in a ________ framework?

A

Phonetic

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15
Q

What are the two categories of tongue activity for vowels?

A

1) height

2) advancement

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16
Q

What are the two categories of tongue activity for constants?

A

1) location

2) degree of constriction

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17
Q

Which requires more tongue constriction, stops or fricatives?

A

Stops

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18
Q

What is the quantal theory of speech?

A

There is not a one-to-one relation between articulator positioning and acoustic output

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19
Q

Large articulatory adjustments can result in:

A

Small change in acoustic output

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20
Q

Small articulatory adjustments can result in:

A

Large change in acoustic output

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21
Q

Vowels involve more constant tongue _____ and the entire tongue mass around the oral cavity; consonants involve tongue __________ and ____, possibly require ____ and more ____ lingual movement.

A

Shape; positioning and shape; finer and more rapid

22
Q

lip activity has a large amount of ________ and ____ studies, why?

A

Movement; EMG; lips are easily accessible

23
Q

How can lip movement occur?

A

In all three directions and typically with the upper and lower lips paired

24
Q

What are the tow categories of movement of lip activity for vowels?

A

1) retraction

2) protrusion

25
Q

What are the two categories of movement of lip activity for consonants?

A

1) labial

2) non-labial

26
Q

Lips are subject to ______ forces; so the _____ when stretched which makes them come together ______

A

Elastic; recoil; easier

27
Q

Jaw movement for speech is ______

A

Complex

28
Q

Describe jaw activity during opening (condyle and incisors)

A

Condyle: moves down and forward
Incisors: move down and back with slight curvilinear path

29
Q

Describe jaw activity during closing (condyle and incisors)

A

Condyle: moves up and back
Incisors: move up and forward

30
Q

The jaw does both ______ and ________ movement

A

Linear and rotational

31
Q

What are the six degrees of jaw movement?

A

1) vertical
2) lateral
3) horizontal
4) pitch
5) yaw
6) roll

32
Q

What is another name for linear movement?

A

Translational

33
Q

What is another name for rotational movement?

A

Curvilinear

34
Q

If you ______ the degrees of freedom you gain more ______.

A

Reduce; control

35
Q

The jaw axis of rotation (through the ______) is not _________

A

Condyle; stationary

36
Q

What is the average movement of incisors during speech for adult males? (Vertical, lateral, horizontal)

A

Vertical: 25 mm
Lateral: 5 mm
Horizontal: 5mm

37
Q

Describe all the rotational movements of the jaw prominence in speech and chewing:

A

Pitch: prominent in speech and chewing
Yaw: prominent in chewing, not speech
Roll: not prominent in either

38
Q

Jaw activity for speech is largely confined to the _______ plane

A

Saggital

39
Q

Amplitude: speech (>/=) chewing

A

Speech < chewing

40
Q

Velocity: speech (>/=) chewing

A

Speech > chewing

41
Q

Which muscle is the most important muscle for closing in speech?

A

Medial pterygoid

42
Q

Which two muscles are sometimes active for speech but are generally not because that power isn’t needed?

A

1) masseter

2) temporalis

43
Q

During speech the closing and opening muscles are _________

A

Coactivated

44
Q

During chewing there is _______ activity involving the _______ and _______ versus the ________ ______ muscles

A

Reciprocal; masseter and temporalis versus the anterior digastric

45
Q

List the four articulators from fastest to slowest:

A

1) tongue tip
2) lower lip
3) tongue dorsum
4) velum

46
Q

What are four examples of categorizations of articulatory targets?

A

1) acoustic
2) perceptual
3) force
4) air pressure

47
Q

What is undershooting?

A

Shortcut in articulation, typically less work in the direction of the vowel

48
Q

There is a strong positive correlation between _______ and __________

A

Velocity and displacement

49
Q

The farther an articulatory is moving, the _____ it will be moved

A

Faster

50
Q

What is coarticualtion?

A

When a feature of one phoneme influences the production of another

51
Q

What are the two types of coarticulation?

A

1) anticipatory

2) carry-over

SPEECH A+P EXAM 3 (8 decks)

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