Lecture 23

Question 1

What does the word kinematic mean?

Answer 1

Movement

Question 2

Kinematic information references __________ and deal with _________ and __________ of ________

Answer 2

“Displacement”; positioning, movement of structures

Question 3

What is displacement?

Answer 3

How much the structure moves?

Question 4

What does EMG stand for?

Answer 4

Electromyography

Question 5

What does an EMG give information on?

Answer 5

Neuromuscular control

Question 6

What are two forces in articular activity?

Answer 6

1) force of contact

2) aerodynamics

Question 7

Most information on ________ activity is known from imaging

Answer 7

Pharyngeal

Question 8

What is the pharyngeal activity on low vowels versus high vowels?

Answer 8

Low vowels = lower part of pharynx is constricted

High vowels = lower part of pharynx is wider, possibly even dialated

Question 9

What is the major role of velopharyngeal activity?

Answer 9

Couple and de a couple the oral/nasal cavities

Question 10

What is it called when the velum anticipates nasal and starts lowering during the vowel?

Answer 10

Coarticulation

Question 11

Velar closure isn’t a _______, its a _________

Answer 11

Binary; continuum

Question 12

The most useful information on tongue activity comes from ______ view _____ _____

Answer 12

Lateral; x-ray films

Question 13

Which directions can the tongue move?

Answer 13

1) up and down
2) left and right
3) front and back

Question 14

traditionally, tongue activity is typically described in a ________ framework?

Answer 14

Phonetic

Question 15

What are the two categories of tongue activity for vowels?

Answer 15

1) height

2) advancement

Question 16

What are the two categories of tongue activity for constants?

Answer 16

1) location

2) degree of constriction

Question 17

Which requires more tongue constriction, stops or fricatives?

Answer 17

Stops

Question 18

What is the quantal theory of speech?

Answer 18

There is not a one-to-one relation between articulator positioning and acoustic output

Question 19

Large articulatory adjustments can result in:

Answer 19

Small change in acoustic output

Question 20

Small articulatory adjustments can result in:

Answer 20

Large change in acoustic output

Question 21

Vowels involve more constant tongue _____ and the entire tongue mass around the oral cavity; consonants involve tongue __________ and ____, possibly require ____ and more ____ lingual movement.

Answer 21

Shape; positioning and shape; finer and more rapid

Question 22

lip activity has a large amount of ________ and ____ studies, why?

Answer 22

Movement; EMG; lips are easily accessible

Question 23

How can lip movement occur?

Answer 23

In all three directions and typically with the upper and lower lips paired

Question 24

What are the tow categories of movement of lip activity for vowels?

Answer 24

1) retraction

2) protrusion

Question 25

What are the two categories of movement of lip activity for consonants?

Answer 25

1) labial | 2) non-labial

Question 26

Lips are subject to ______ forces; so the _____ when stretched which makes them come together ______

Answer 26

Elastic; recoil; easier

Question 27

Jaw movement for speech is ______

Answer 27

Complex

Question 28

Describe jaw activity during opening (condyle and incisors)

Answer 28

Condyle: moves down and forward Incisors: move down and back with slight curvilinear path

Question 29

Describe jaw activity during closing (condyle and incisors)

Answer 29

Condyle: moves up and back Incisors: move up and forward

Question 30

The jaw does both ______ and ________ movement

Answer 30

Linear and rotational

Question 31

What are the six degrees of jaw movement?

Answer 31

1) vertical 2) lateral 3) horizontal 4) pitch 5) yaw 6) roll

Question 32

What is another name for linear movement?

Answer 32

Translational

Question 33

What is another name for rotational movement?

Answer 33

Curvilinear

Question 34

If you ______ the degrees of freedom you gain more ______.

Answer 34

Reduce; control

Question 35

The jaw axis of rotation (through the ______) is not _________

Answer 35

Condyle; stationary

Question 36

What is the average movement of incisors during speech for adult males? (Vertical, lateral, horizontal)

Answer 36

Vertical: 25 mm Lateral: 5 mm Horizontal: 5mm

Question 37

Describe all the rotational movements of the jaw prominence in speech and chewing:

Answer 37

Pitch: prominent in speech and chewing Yaw: prominent in chewing, not speech Roll: not prominent in either

Question 38

Jaw activity for speech is largely confined to the _______ plane

Answer 38

Saggital

Question 39

Amplitude: speech (>/=) chewing

Answer 39

Speech < chewing

Question 40

Velocity: speech (>/=) chewing

Answer 40

Speech > chewing

Question 41

Which muscle is the most important muscle for closing in speech?

Answer 41

Medial pterygoid

Question 42

Which two muscles are sometimes active for speech but are generally not because that power isn’t needed?

Answer 42

1) masseter | 2) temporalis

Question 43

During speech the closing and opening muscles are _________

Answer 43

Coactivated

Question 44

During chewing there is _______ activity involving the _______ and _______ versus the ________ ______ muscles

Answer 44

Reciprocal; masseter and temporalis versus the anterior digastric

Question 45

List the four articulators from fastest to slowest:

Answer 45

1) tongue tip 2) lower lip 3) tongue dorsum 4) velum

Question 46

What are four examples of categorizations of articulatory targets?

Answer 46

1) acoustic 2) perceptual 3) force 4) air pressure

Question 47

What is undershooting?

Answer 47

Shortcut in articulation, typically less work in the direction of the vowel

Question 48

There is a strong positive correlation between _______ and __________

Answer 48

Velocity and displacement

Question 49

The farther an articulatory is moving, the _____ it will be moved

Answer 49

Faster

Question 50

What is coarticualtion?

Answer 50

When a feature of one phoneme influences the production of another

Question 51

What are the two types of coarticulation?

Answer 51

1) anticipatory | 2) carry-over