Lecture 24

Question 1

What are the 4 different measures (non-imaging) that can be used to measure supralaryngeal structure and activities?

Answer 1

1) electromyography
2) Velotrace
3) Electropalatopgraphy
4) Electromagnetic Articulometer

Question 2

What are the 3 imaging techniques?

Answer 2

1) ultrasound
2) magnetic resonance imaging
3) acoustic analysis

Question 3

Electromyography is used to study ______ __________

Answer 3

Muscle contraction

Question 4

Electromyography is used to study the underlying __________ of _________, __________, and __________

Answer 4

Movements; respiration, phonation, and articulation

Question 5

Electromyography tells information about ________ activity by recording muscle ______ _______

Answer 5

Muscular; action potentials

Question 6

What is the electrical activity that accompanies each muscle contraction called?

Answer 6

(Muscle) Action potentials

Question 7

What are the two types of electromyography electrodes?

Answer 7

1) surface

2) inserted

Question 8

Surface electrodes are not as ________ _______

Answer 8

Muscle specific

Question 9

Hooked-wire electrodes are inserted ________ into the _______, and then the ______ is ________

Answer 9

Directly; muscle; needle; withdrawn

Question 10

What are the two disadvantages of electromyography?

Answer 10

1) difficult to be certain that signal comes from muscle of interest
2) procedure is slightly uncomfortable for subject

Question 11

Why can it be difficult to be certain what muscle the signal comes from during electromyography?

Answer 11

If the muscle is not singular, and is instead interconnected its hard to discern the signals source

Question 12

What are the 3 major parts of a velotrace?

Answer 12

1) internal lever
2) external lever
3) push rod that connects the levers

Question 13

How does the velotrace work?

Answer 13

It’s inserted through the nostril and the internal lever rests on the surface of the nasal passages and “traces” the velum. When the internal lever moves the external lever moves and the vertical movement of the velum can be tracked.

Question 14

How does an electropalatography work?

Answer 14

A pseudopalate/ palatal prosthesis with electrodes is placed on the roof of mouth and when the tongue contacts them they are stimulated.

Question 15

What are the 2 advantages of electropalatography?

Answer 15

1) can show coarticulation

2) provides visual feedback

Question 16

What are 4 the disadvantages of electropalatography?

Answer 16

1) there are no electrodes (and therefore info) at the anterior of the alveolar, on the teeth, or on the velum
2) it is expensive to make the custom palate prosthesis for each subject
3) trouble with exact relaxation from one use to the next
4) if there is no contact there is no info

Question 17

The electromagnetic articulometer (EMA) is a version of the _____________

Answer 17

Magnetometer

Question 18

The EMA provides ___________ data

Answer 18

Articulatory

Question 19

What are the 2 advantages of the EMA?

Answer 19

1) rapid tracking time

2) ability to track multiple articulators simultaneously

Question 20

What is the disadvantage of the EMA?

Answer 20

Only points are measured so the behavior of the entire articulator is largely inferred

Question 21

How does an ultrasound produce images?

Answer 21

By using reflective properties of sound waves

Question 22

What are 4 advantages of ultrasound imaging?

Answer 22

1) non-invasive
2) small and portable
3) real-time data
4) no known biological hazards

Question 23

What are the 2 disadvantages of ultrasound imaging?

Answer 23

1) tongue tip might not get imaged because the way the wave is reflected
2) creates a shadow when it hits bone

Question 24

How does an MRI work?

Answer 24

Uses a magnetic field and radio waves to image a section of tissue

Question 25

An MRI scanner consists of _______________ that _______ the body and create a _________ _____

Answer 25

Electromagnets; surround; magnetic field

Question 26

MRI scanning detects ________ atoms, since they occur in abundance in _____ therefore they do in _______ as well

Answer 26

Hydrogen; water; tissue

Question 27

What are 3 the advantages of MRI?

Answer 27

1) Can visualize the internal structures without risk
2) very effective in differentiating different types of tissue
3) can image any plane in the body

Question 28

What are the 3 disadvantages of MRI?

Answer 28

1) it is intolerable for subjects who are claustrophobic
2) slow speed
3) expensive

Question 29

Acoustic analysis looks at _______ __________

Answer 29

Formant frequencies

Question 30

The first two formant structures determine _____ _______

Answer 30

Vowel identity

Question 31

What is the physiological basis of vowel production?

Answer 31

Different shapes of the vocal tract

Question 32

What is the acoustic representation of vowel production?

Answer 32

Formants, particularly F1 and F2

Question 33

What are formants?

Answer 33

Frequency regions selectively amplified that result in spectral peaks

Question 34

F1 is the _____ resonance peak and is related to _____ _____

Answer 34

Lowest; tongue height

Question 35

F2 is the ______ _______ resonance peak and is related to the ______ ___________

Answer 35

Second lowest; tongue advancement

Question 36

F1 and tongue height are an ________ relationship

Answer 36

Inverse

Question 37

F2 and tongue advancement are a ________ relationship

Answer 37

Direct

Question 38

Resonance is __________-selective transmission of _____ energy

Answer 38

Frequency; sound

Question 39

What type of matter exhibits a resonant frequency?

Answer 39

Any type of matter