1.mechanical processing = a. chewing (___) b. ____ by the stomach c. ___ in the small intestine 2. ___ breakdown: sugar/lipid/protein

a. mastication b. churning c. segmentation 2. chemical

Lecture 24: Digestive System Flashcards by CaLeigh Lane

1.mechanical processing =
a. chewing (___)
b. ____ by the stomach
c. ___ in the small intestine

___ breakdown: sugar/lipid/protein

a. mastication
b. churning
c. segmentation

chemical

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2 groupings of organs

gut & accessory structures

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gut = alimentary canal =

gastrointestinal (GI) tract

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accessory structures and organs

tongue, teeth, liver/gallbladder, pancreas
salivary, gastric, and intesinal glands

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bolus formation =

swallow-able mass

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lips and cheeks are lined with what membrane

mucous; stratified squamous epithelium

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lips and cheeks keep food in mouth during chewing by what nerve

CN VII (facial)

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space between lips/cheeks from teeth

vestibule

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what is the mucosa coving alveolar bone/hard palate

gingiva

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salivary glands and their paired ducts

parotid - Stensons
submandibular - Whartons
sublingual - Bartholins

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functions of saliva

cleanses teeth, moistens food

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saliva contains what enzyme

amylase: break down of starch

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what is the thing holding your tongue to your mouth

lingual frenulum

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tongue too tightly bound to the floor of mouth =

ankyloglossia aka “tongue tied”

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tongue is hydrostat meaning

constant volume but different shapes

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tongue is anchored to what and what

hyoid bone and mandible

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soft palate is a __ flap

muscular

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hard palate is made up of

palatine and maxillary bones

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what is the hardest substance in the body

enamel (calcium phosphate)

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3 types of tooth material

enamel, dentin, cementum

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what nerves innervate the teeth

mandibular (v3) and maxillary (v2)

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how does blood go in and out of the tooth

pulp cavity

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pulp cavity contains what

vessels and nerves
root canal = narrow tunnel through each root

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4 types of teeth

incisors - 8
cuspids - 4 - canine
bicuspids - 8
molars - 8-12

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2 generations of teeth

deciduous teeth = baby teeth) - erupt @ 6 months to 2 years adult teeth (non0deciudous) - erupt @ 6-21 years

when you lose your teeth you lose the

alveolar process

gut generic X-section 4 layers

mucosa submucosa muscularis serosa

mucosa = ___ tunic 1. secretes mucus which protects the lining of the __ 2. pleated appearance =

innermost 1. gut 2. plicae circularis

elevations inside the S.I for surface area are called

plicae

submucosa 1. exocrine glands: ___ secretion 2. __ food 3. highly ___ 4. ___ of nutrients from food

1. enzyme 2. digest 3. highly 4. absorption

muscularis has 2 layers

inner layer = circular muscles outer layer = longitudinal muscles

muscularis controls 1. peristalsis = 2. segmentation =

1. wave like movements 2. mixing

serosa = __ layer 1. aka ___ ___

outermost 1. aka visceral peritoneum

food speeds up =

diarrhea

food slows down =

constipation

esophagus meets stomach at

cardiac sphincter AKA lower esophageal sphincter

regions of the stomach: 1. __ = entrance to stomach 2. __ = domed portion 3. body with greater and lesser ___ 4. sphincter at end of stomach = 5. __ = elevated structures for expansion

1. cardia 2. fundus 3. curvatures 4. pyloric 5. rugae

plicae circularis increases __ in small intestine

surface area

plicae circularis ornamented with __ & then ___ all for ___

villi microvilli surface area

small intestine produces what

amylase and lactase

3 segments of the small intestine in order

duodenum jejunum ileum

duodenum is the mixing bowl of

chyme

duodenum contains what sphincter

hepatopancreatic goes into small intestine

jejunum contains majority of

digestion and absorption biggest surface area

ileum is final for

digestion and absorption

ileocecal valve controls what

flow of chyme into cecum

what separates ileum from the cecum

ileocecal valve

order of 5 main sections in large intestines

cecum ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon

what are the 3 flexures in the large intestine

hepatic (right) - after ascending colon splenic (left) - after transverse colon sigmoid - after descending colon before sigmoid colon

muscular wall of colon - __ pouches formed by colon musculature - ___: 3 longitudinal ribbons of muscle

haustra taenia coli

fat associated with colon =

epiploic appendages

internal anal sphincter (ANS) - ___ muscle

smooth

external anal sphincter (voluntary control) - ___ muscle

skeletal

what is the largest organ in the body

liver

lobes of the liver

right, left, quadrate, caudate

what lobe is largest in liver

right

liver functions 1. __ carbs, lipids, amino acids 2. stores __ and ___ 3. detoxify/remove __ products (ammonia and urea) 4. inactivate/removes various __ and __ 5. produces ___

1. metabolizes 2. vitamins and minerals 3. waste 4. drugs and hormones 5. bile

what does bile do to fat

emulsifies not breakdown

does the liver ever stop producing bile

hepatic artery comes from what

celiac trunk

what does the gall bladder store

excess bile

chloecystitis =

inflammation of gallbladder

chloelithiasis =

presence of gallstones in the gallbladder

cirrhosis (hepatitis) = destruction of hepatocytes due to: 1. exposure to drugs aka 2. viral infection aka 3. blockage of __

1. alcohol 2. hepatitis C 3. hepatic ducts

pancreas has __% exocrine function and __% endocrine function

99%, 1%

endocrine secretions in pancreas 1. ___ = raises glucose levels in the blood 2. ___ = lowers blood glucose levels

1. glucagon 2. insulin

exocrine secretions in the pancreas 1. __ degrade proteins 2. ___ degrade fats 3. ___ degrade DNA and RNA

1. proteinases 2. lipases 3. nucleases

endocrine secretions in pancreas go to

hepatic portal system

exocrine secretions in pancreas go to

pancreatic duct > duodenum

a mesentery does what

suspends GI tract from walls of cavity supports and protects NAVL associated with GI tract

what lines he entire peritoneal cavity

parietal peritoneum

what covers the viscera

visceral peritoneum

greater omentum is __ storage and localization of __

fat, infection

what suspends liver from diaphragm

coronary ligament

what ligament is between the liver and abdominal wall

falciform

the term ligament =

dense CT between bones sheets of serous membranes (mesenteries)

what organ is secondarily retroperitoneal

duodenum, ascending and descending colon

what encloses the jejunum and ileum

mesentery proper