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Anatomy Exam 4 > Lecture 24: Digestive System > Flashcards

Lecture 24: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

1.mechanical processing =
a. chewing (___)
b. ____ by the stomach
c. ___ in the small intestine

  1. ___ breakdown: sugar/lipid/protein
A

a. mastication
b. churning
c. segmentation

  1. chemical
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2
Q

2 groupings of organs

A

gut & accessory structures

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3
Q

gut = alimentary canal =

A

gastrointestinal (GI) tract

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4
Q

accessory structures and organs

A

tongue, teeth, liver/gallbladder, pancreas
salivary, gastric, and intesinal glands

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5
Q

bolus formation =

A

swallow-able mass

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6
Q

lips and cheeks are lined with what membrane

A

mucous; stratified squamous epithelium

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7
Q

lips and cheeks keep food in mouth during chewing by what nerve

A

CN VII (facial)

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8
Q

space between lips/cheeks from teeth

A

vestibule

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9
Q

what is the mucosa coving alveolar bone/hard palate

A

gingiva

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10
Q

salivary glands and their paired ducts

A

parotid - Stensons
submandibular - Whartons
sublingual - Bartholins

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11
Q

functions of saliva

A

cleanses teeth, moistens food

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12
Q

saliva contains what enzyme

A

amylase: break down of starch

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13
Q

what is the thing holding your tongue to your mouth

A

lingual frenulum

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14
Q

tongue too tightly bound to the floor of mouth =

A

ankyloglossia aka “tongue tied”

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15
Q

tongue is hydrostat meaning

A

constant volume but different shapes

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16
Q

tongue is anchored to what and what

A

hyoid bone and mandible

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17
Q

soft palate is a __ flap

A

muscular

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18
Q

hard palate is made up of

A

palatine and maxillary bones

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19
Q

what is the hardest substance in the body

A

enamel (calcium phosphate)

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20
Q

3 types of tooth material

A

enamel, dentin, cementum

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21
Q

what nerves innervate the teeth

A

mandibular (v3) and maxillary (v2)

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22
Q

how does blood go in and out of the tooth

A

pulp cavity

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23
Q

pulp cavity contains what

A

vessels and nerves
root canal = narrow tunnel through each root

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24
Q

4 types of teeth

A

incisors - 8
cuspids - 4 - canine
bicuspids - 8
molars - 8-12

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25
Q

2 generations of teeth

A

deciduous teeth = baby teeth)
- erupt @ 6 months to 2 years
adult teeth (non0deciudous)
- erupt @ 6-21 years

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26
Q

when you lose your teeth you lose the

A

alveolar process

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27
Q

gut generic X-section 4 layers

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

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28
Q

mucosa = ___ tunic
1. secretes mucus which protects the lining of the __
2. pleated appearance =

A

innermost
1. gut
2. plicae circularis

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29
Q

elevations inside the S.I for surface area are called

A

plicae

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30
Q

submucosa
1. exocrine glands: ___ secretion
2. __ food
3. highly ___
4. ___ of nutrients from food

A
  1. enzyme
  2. digest
  3. highly
  4. absorption
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31
Q

muscularis has 2 layers

A

inner layer = circular muscles
outer layer = longitudinal muscles

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32
Q

muscularis controls
1. peristalsis =
2. segmentation =

A
  1. wave like movements
  2. mixing
33
Q

serosa = __ layer
1. aka ___ ___

A

outermost
1. aka visceral peritoneum

34
Q

food speeds up =

A

diarrhea

35
Q

food slows down =

A

constipation

36
Q

esophagus meets stomach at

A

cardiac sphincter AKA lower esophageal sphincter

37
Q

regions of the stomach:
1. __ = entrance to stomach
2. __ = domed portion
3. body with greater and lesser ___
4. sphincter at end of stomach =
5. __ = elevated structures for expansion

A
  1. cardia
  2. fundus
  3. curvatures
  4. pyloric
  5. rugae
38
Q

plicae circularis increases __ in small intestine

A

surface area

39
Q

plicae circularis ornamented with __
& then ___

all for ___

A

villi
microvilli

surface area

40
Q

small intestine produces what

A

amylase and lactase

41
Q

3 segments of the small intestine in order

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

42
Q

duodenum is the mixing bowl of

A

chyme

43
Q

duodenum contains what sphincter

A

hepatopancreatic
goes into small intestine

44
Q

jejunum contains majority of

A

digestion and absorption
biggest surface area

45
Q

ileum is final for

A

digestion and absorption

46
Q

ileocecal valve controls what

A

flow of chyme into cecum

47
Q

what separates ileum from the cecum

A

ileocecal valve

48
Q

order of 5 main sections in large intestines

A

cecum
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon

49
Q

what are the 3 flexures in the large intestine

A

hepatic (right) - after ascending colon
splenic (left) - after transverse colon
sigmoid - after descending colon before sigmoid colon

50
Q

muscular wall of colon
- __ pouches formed by colon musculature
- ___: 3 longitudinal ribbons of muscle

A

haustra
taenia coli

51
Q

fat associated with colon =

A

epiploic appendages

52
Q

internal anal sphincter (ANS) - ___ muscle

A

smooth

53
Q

external anal sphincter (voluntary control) - ___ muscle

A

skeletal

54
Q

what is the largest organ in the body

A

liver

55
Q

lobes of the liver

A

right, left, quadrate, caudate

56
Q

what lobe is largest in liver

A

right

57
Q

liver functions
1. __ carbs, lipids, amino acids
2. stores __ and ___
3. detoxify/remove __ products (ammonia and urea)
4. inactivate/removes various __ and __
5. produces ___

A
  1. metabolizes
  2. vitamins and minerals
  3. waste
  4. drugs and hormones
  5. bile
58
Q

what does bile do to fat

A

emulsifies not breakdown

59
Q

does the liver ever stop producing bile

A

no

60
Q

hepatic artery comes from what

A

celiac trunk

61
Q

what does the gall bladder store

A

excess bile

62
Q

chloecystitis =

A

inflammation of gallbladder

63
Q

chloelithiasis =

A

presence of gallstones in the gallbladder

64
Q

cirrhosis (hepatitis) = destruction of hepatocytes due to:
1. exposure to drugs aka
2. viral infection aka
3. blockage of __

A
  1. alcohol
  2. hepatitis C
  3. hepatic ducts
65
Q

pancreas has __% exocrine function and __% endocrine function

A

99%, 1%

66
Q

endocrine secretions in pancreas
1. ___ = raises glucose levels in the blood
2. ___ = lowers blood glucose levels

A
  1. glucagon
  2. insulin
67
Q

exocrine secretions in the pancreas
1. __ degrade proteins
2. ___ degrade fats
3. ___ degrade DNA and RNA

A
  1. proteinases
  2. lipases
  3. nucleases
68
Q

endocrine secretions in pancreas go to

A

hepatic portal system

69
Q

exocrine secretions in pancreas go to

A

pancreatic duct > duodenum

70
Q

a mesentery does what

A

suspends GI tract from walls of cavity
supports and protects NAVL associated with GI tract

71
Q

what lines he entire peritoneal cavity

A

parietal peritoneum

72
Q

what covers the viscera

A

visceral peritoneum

73
Q

greater omentum is __ storage and localization of __

A

fat, infection

74
Q

what suspends liver from diaphragm

A

coronary ligament

75
Q

what ligament is between the liver and abdominal wall

A

falciform

76
Q

the term ligament =

A

dense CT between bones
sheets of serous membranes (mesenteries)

77
Q

what organ is secondarily retroperitoneal

A

duodenum, ascending and descending colon

78
Q

what encloses the jejunum and ileum

A

mesentery proper

Anatomy Exam 4 (7 decks)

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