Lecture 3 RH

Question 1

What replaces leaves in bryophytes, lycophytes and acacia?

Answer 1

Bryophytes do not have true leaves.

lycophytes have microphylls rather than true leaves

acacia have phyllotes

Question 2

What are the 3 types of vascular plants (tracheophytes)?

Answer 2

lycophytes

manillophytes

lignophytes

Question 3

Which plants don’t have true leaves?

Answer 3

bryophytes

lycophytes

Question 4

How long ago does fossil evidence suggest the existence of ferns?

Answer 4

tree fern fossils evidence goes back more than 300 million years

Question 5

Which trees have true leaves?

Answer 5

euphyllophytes

Question 6

Which plants dominated carboniferous era?

Answer 6

manillophytes

Question 7

Do bryophytes have true roots?

Answer 7

bryophytes have rhizoids not true roots.

Question 8

Which plants produce spores?

Answer 8

Everything up to gymnosperms are spore bearing plants the rest produce seeds

Question 9

What are the characteristics of vascular plants?

Answer 9

Vascular tissue

Sporophyte dominant and assimilative

Cutin or suberin on aerial parts

Body on axis (stem)

Large SA/V ratio

Increase in size made possible by conducting tissue

Question 10

What are the types of seedless vascular plants?

Answer 10

Lycopodiophyta

Sphenophyta

Psilophyta

Question 11

What is the 3rd largest group of plants?

Answer 11

Whisk Fern (psilophyta)

Question 12

What is happening to fern diversity?

Answer 12

It is getting more diverse

Question 13

Do lycopods have true leaves?

Answer 13

No they have microphylls

Question 14

Do sphenophytes have true leaves?

Answer 14

no they have microphylls in spirals

Question 15

What are plants’ role in formation of coal?

Answer 15

Plants get compacted over time to form coal. Specifically lycophytes.

*oil and natural gas form from marine organisms

Question 16

What is the dominance of seedless vascular plants? Is the gametophyte or the sporophyte reduced?

Answer 16

Sporophyte dominance, gametophytes are highly reduced in seedless vascular plants

Question 17

What are the features of ferns?

Answer 17

Earliest fossils are 390 million years old.

Dominant plants 300 million years ago

Advancements over the mosses - vascular tissue and sporophyte dominance

Tree ferns in tropics are 5 - 15 meters tall, 2 -4 meter leaves

Sporophyte generation in ferns is a perennial plant with large complex leaves called fronds

Question 18

What is the shape and role of fern gametophyte?

Answer 18

fern gametophyte is typically heart shaped and contains the antheridia and archegonia (it is monoecious)

Question 19

How do ferns prevent self-fertilization?

Answer 19

Gametophytes mature at different times most of the time

Question 20

How do gametophytes prevent self-fertilization?

Answer 20

They develop at different times

Question 21

What are sori?

Answer 21

Clusters of sporangia

Question 22

What is a sporophyll?

Answer 22

A fertile leaf

Question 23

What are the 4 phyla of ferns and allies?

Answer 23

Lycopods (lycophyta)

whiskferns (psilophyta)

horsetails (sphenophyta)

true ferns (pteridophyta)

Question 24

What are the 5 groups of pteridophytes?

Answer 24

Fork-ferns (psilotum)

True ferns (Dicksonia)

Lycopods (lycopodium)

Horsetails (Equisetum)

Progymnosperms

Question 25

What are the features of fork-ferns?

Answer 25

Fossils 400 million years before present First land plants Simple structure

Question 26

What are the features of true ferns?

Answer 26

Leaves are large (megaphylls), pinnately divided (fronds), multiveined, circinnate vernation (uncoiling)

Question 27

What are the features of lycopods?

Answer 27

Small leaves Single vein Spores in thick-walled sporangia on top surface of leaves. Some are specialized for spore production (sporophylls)

Question 28

What are the features of lepidodendron?

Answer 28

diamond shaped pattern on stem. tree form pteridophyte heterosporous primitive formation of leaves

Question 29

What ar ethe features of horsetails?

Answer 29

Whorled leaves Silicified cell wall Ribbed stem

Question 30

What are the features of progymnosperms?

Answer 30

Extinct species Earliest they appeard was 390 million years before present They are trees (Up to 20 meters) 'Wood like gymnosperms' Large fern-like leaves

Question 31

What are the types of growth habit?

Answer 31

Tree Ground Epiphytic aquatic

Question 32

What is leave specialization?

Answer 32

Some ferns have leaves which carry out reproductive functions whereas others are important for photosynthesis.

Question 33

What is an an indusium?

Answer 33

This membrane covering the sorus

Question 34

What are sporangia?

Answer 34

Spore holding structures (10 to hundreds of spores)

Question 35

What is a stomium?

Answer 35

Maturing sporangium with and annulus of the way

Question 36

What are the features of the cells of the annulus?

Answer 36

Cells of the annulus have a thick cell wall

Question 37

How are spores released from sporangium?

Answer 37

When sporangium stretches it eventually snaps and releases the spores in a dispersed manner

Question 38

What is homospory and heterospory?

Answer 38

Homospory means only 1 type of spore is produced. Heterospory means multiple types of spores are produced

Question 39

What types of spores are there?

Answer 39

Megaspores and Microspores

Question 40

What is the difference between megaspores and microspores?

Answer 40

Megaspores: Large and only produce archegonia with eggs Microspores only produce antheridia with antherizoids

Question 41

what is the difference between micro and mega sporangium chambers?

Answer 41

Microspores are contained in one large chamber called the microsporangium. Megaspores are contained in several large chambers called megasporangiums

Question 42

What is the life cycle of the lycopod?

Answer 42

1) Mature sporophyte contains strobilus (false cone). Under their leaves is either a microsporangium or a megasporangium. Stem contains rhizospores 2) Sporangia walls rupture 2) Sporangium wall ruptures and produces rhizoids and archegonia in gametophyte

Question 43

What is a ligule?

Answer 43

ligule is a modified leaf that connects the lycopod leaf to the rest of the plant

Question 44

What are the characteristics of gymnosperms?

Answer 44

Highly reduced gametophtye Female gametophyte is enclosed in sporophyte Megasporangium is surrounded by integument Megaspore develops in situ Reproductive organs are within cones Generally able to withstand extreme conditions

Question 45

What are the dessication-resistant features of gymnosperms?

Answer 45

Xeromorphic (store water) Waxy (glaucous) Hard-leaved (sclerophyllous) Sunken stomata Resin

Question 46

What are the extant classes of gymnosperms?

Answer 46

Coniferopsida Cycadopsida Gnetopsida This means there are many extant monotypic genera with some genuses with single species which indicates a decline.

Question 47

What are the orders of gymnosperms?

Answer 47

3 orders extant and 1 extinct: Coniferales (conifers) - still expanding Taxales (yews) - declined but stable Ginkgoales (maidenhair tree) - monotypic

Question 48

What are the "fruit" of gymnosperms and how are they different to that of angiosperms?

Answer 48

They are fleshy outgrowths rather than ovaries

Question 49

What are cycads?

Answer 49

Cycads are very old trees and have manoxylic wood (wood that is made up of soft, medullary rays) their leaves are palm-like. They produce toxic alkaloids

Question 50

Where are the sporangia located in gymnosperms?

Answer 50

Within the cones

Question 51

How are cycads pollenated?

Answer 51

They are beetle pollenated which is different to other gymnosperms