Lecture 4 Flashcards
(34 cards)
What is mood in psychological terms?
A pervasive and sustained emotion that colors an individual’s experience of the world.
What is affect?
Moment-to-moment emotional states and observable emotional expression.
DSM-5-TR analogy for mood vs affect?
Mood is to affect as climate is to weather.
How are mood disorders classified?
Unipolar: Only depression (e.g., MDD, PDD)
Bipolar: Depression + mood elevation (e.g., Bipolar I, II, Cyclothymic)
How many symptoms and for how long are required for a Major Depressive Episode diagnosis?
5+ symptoms for ≥2 weeks.
Name the nine core symptoms of Major Depressive Episode
Depressed mood
Anhedonia
Appetite/weight changes
Sleep disturbances
Psychomotor agitation/retardation
Fatigue
Worthlessness
Concentration difficulty
Suicidal thoughts
Diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder?
MDE with no history of manic/hypomanic episodes and not better explained by another condition.
12-month prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder in Australia?
4.9%
Course of Major Depressive Disorder?
40–60% stable recovery
50% relapse within 5 years
30–60% recurrent course
Diagnostic criteria for Persistent Depressive Disorder?
Depressed mood ≥2 years with 2+ additional symptoms.
12-month prevalence of Persistent Depressive Disorder?
0.5–1.5%.
How does clinical depression differ from normal sadness?
Pervasive, intense, functionally impairing, often without clear cause, includes somatic/cognitive symptoms.
What % of suicide deaths involve MDD?
60%
Suicide attempt prevalence?
Suicidal ideation ~2.0%
Attempts ~0.3%
Key suicide risk factors?
Family history
Early adversity
Impulsivity
Substance use
Hopelessness
What are the four social and environmental factors of depression?
Socioeconomic status (poverty, unemployment, low education)
Neighborhood factors (inadequate housing, violence exposure)
Socioenvironmental factors (disasters, discrimination, low social support)
Lifestyle factors (smoking, substance use, diet, exercise)
What are the four biological factors of depression?
Genetics: first-degree relatives 5-25% risk
Neurobiology: Alterations in dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline; hippocampus involvement
Immune system: Some forms related to inflammatory response
Stress: 80% of MDEs preceded by major life events; 2.5x more likely in depressed clients
Heritability estimate for depression?
40–70%
What are the two psychological factors of depression?
Personality: Neuroticism, introversion, negative self-esteem, interpersonal sensitivity
Cognitive: Negative views of self, others, and world
Duration requirement for manic episode?
≥1 week or any duration if hospitalization is needed.
Symptoms requirement for a manic episode?
3+, or 4+ if mood only irritable
Symptom list for manic episode
Inflated self-esteem/grandiosity
Decreased need for sleep
More talkative/pressured speech
Flight of ideas/racing thoughts
Distractibility
Increased goal-directed activity
High-risk activities
How is a hypomanic episode different to a manic episode?
Same symptoms as mania but ≥4 consecutive days
Observable change in functioning
NOT severe enough to cause marked impairment
No hospitalization or psychotic features
Criteria for Bipolar I vs Bipolar II?
Bipolar I: At least one manic episode
Bipolar II: At least one hypomanic + one depressive episode
