lecture 5

Question 1

operational definitions:

Answer 1

definitions of variables in terms of the operations needed to produce them

Question 2

how to define operations?

Answer 2

replication by other researchers and scrutiny by other researchers

Question 3

extraneous variables (confounders)

Answer 3

have an unintended influence on the results of experiment by changing difference between groups

Question 4

when an extraneous variable is present. the experiment is:

Answer 4

confounded

Question 5

nuisance variables:

Answer 5

unwanted variables that can cause the variability within all groups to increase

Question 6

example of extraneous variable:

Answer 6

giving encouragement and warning to gaming participant

Question 7

example of nuisance variables:

Answer 7

not holding ruler a precise distance above participants hands

Question 8

how to control extraneous and nuisance variables:

Answer 8

produce groups that are equivalent prior to the intro of the IV. reduce the effects of nuisance variables as much as possible

Question 9

randomization:

Answer 9

distributes extraneous variables equally to all groups. eg those who drink cola A regularly and those who regularly drink cola B

Question 10

elimination:

Answer 10

completely remove the extraneous variable from the experiment. ex test and remove those who are loyal to cola A or cola B, only test those who are undecided so there are no biases

Question 11

constancy:

Answer 11

keeps an extraneous variable constant. ex only test people who haven’t drank any of their fav cola that day

Question 12

balancing:

Answer 12

ensures that all participants receive extraneous variable to the same extent. ex if one always prefers the first cola since they’re more thirsty

Question 13

counterbalancing can control for:

Answer 13

sequence of order effects

Question 14

lesson of M&M sampling:

Answer 14

sample size really does matter, there is power in. large numbers

Question 15

we must have a sample that is:

Answer 15

representative of the population we are studying

Question 16

a representative sample is most likely with a ____ sample, where each member of the population has an ___ ___ of being selected in sample

Answer 16

random; equal likelihood

Question 17

types of sampling: (3)

Answer 17

1. random sampling without replacement
2. random sampling with replacement
3. stratified random sampling

Question 18

basic research strategies:

Answer 18

single strata, cross sectional, longitudinal

Question 19

single strata:

Answer 19

looking at a single thing of the population of interest, ex percentage of green peanut m&ms

Question 20

cross sectional:

Answer 20

comparing of two or more groups during the same limited time period. ex percentage of green peanut verses green plain m&ms

Question 21

longitudinal:

Answer 21

obtaining research from the same group of people over extended period of time

Question 22

stratified random sampling

Answer 22

the total population is divided into homogenous groups (strata) to complete the sampling process and sample is drawn from each strata

Question 23

random sampling without replacement:

Answer 23

a subset of the observations is selected randomly, and once an observation is selected it cannot be selected again.

Question 24

random sampling with replacement

Answer 24

a subset of the observations is selected randomly, and once an observation is selected and can be selected again.

Question 25

validity of tests and inventories include:

Answer 25

content validity, concurrent validity, criterion validity

Question 26

concurrent validity:

Answer 26

the results of a particular test or measurement correspond to those of a previously established measurement for the same construct

Question 27

criterion validity:

Answer 27

evaluates how accurately a test measures the outcome it was designed to measure

Question 28

reliability for tests and inventors includes:

Answer 28

test retest, split half

Question 29

pilot testing:

Answer 29

preliminary testing done in advance of the complete study

Question 30

types of surveys:

Answer 30

mail/email/web survey, personal interview, phone interview

Question 31

mail/email/web survey benefits and negatives

Answer 31

fast, can get large numbers of participants, return rate can be low

Question 32

personal interview benefits and negatives

Answer 32

slow, expensive, interviews bias

Question 33

phone interview benefits and negatives:

Answer 33

good compromise, ability to randomly sample before cell phones

Question 34

correlational studies:

Answer 34

looks at the relationship between two continues variable , positive, negative and zero

Question 35

ex posto facto studies:

Answer 35

“after the fact” use an independent variable that has already varied

Question 36

ex posto studies sometimes called:

Answer 36

subject variables eg, gender, SES, experiences are things you cannot or would not manipulate