Lecture 5

Question 1

Shaping definition

Answer 1

Shaping differentially reinforces successive approximations towards a TB.
Using differential reinforcement to get closer and close to the goal behaviour

Question 2

Shaping characteristics

Answer 2

Extinguish previous versions of that behaviour
Gets progressively stricter
Once learned one version and is stable, get more strict

Question 3

Dimensions of behaviour targeted

Answer 3

Topography - form of behaviour
Frequency - number of responses per unit time
Latency - time between the onset of the antecedent stimulus and the occruance of behaviour.
Duration - total elapse Time for occurance of behaviour

Question 4

Shaping procedure

Answer 4

Reinforcing behaviour in a non specific manner; Allows opportunity to produce different behaviours
Progress is made forward in terms of the natural order of behaviour
Implies reinforcement and extinction of previous approximations

Question 5

Shaping 4 step procedure

Answer 5

Specify TB
selection of the initial behaviour
Selection of the approximations - use prompts and adequate reinforcers
Selecting the size of the steps and the time spent on each

Question 6

Example of shaping

Answer 6

Autism - orienting to the eyes
Initially reinforcer after orienting to the body, once stable reinforcer for the face then to the eyes.

Question 7

Chaining definition

Answer 7

Learning to connect a series of discrete behaviours sequenced in a particular order to form a single behaviour
Each stage is dependent on the previous stage having occurred correctly - serves as a SD for the next step

Question 8

Task analysis

Answer 8

Breaks down complex behaviours into smaller individual stimulus-response components
All components of the chain can be identified clearly

Question 9

Types of training using chaining

Answer 9

Forward training - first step of the chain is the first training step and then the second etc
Prompting starts at the first step and until each step can be done independently the rest of the chain is fully prompted

Backward prompting - the last step in the chain is the first to be taught
Prompting starts and the last step and until each step is performed independently the rest of the chain is fully prompted

Question 10

Chaining training procedure

Answer 10

Implies the linking of stimulus and response in a structured or semi structure way.
Progress could be forward or backwards
Less extinction due to SC

Question 11

Generalisation

Answer 11

The occurance of relevant behaviour under different, non trained conditions without the scheduling of the same events in those conditions

Question 12

Types of generalisation

Answer 12

Stimulus generalisation
Response gen
Response maintenance

Question 13

Stimulus gen

Answer 13

The target behaviour emitted in the presence of similar but non identical stimulus

Question 14

Stimulus gen - setting

Answer 14

TB emitted in setting that is different to the training setting

Question 15

Response generalisation

Answer 15

Untrained responses that are functionally equivalent to the TB

Question 16

Response maintenance

Answer 16

The learner continues to perform the TB after the intervention

Question 17

Guidelines for generalisation

Answer 17

1.Train and Hope
2.sequential modification
3. Introduction of natural maintaining contingencies
4.train sufficient exemplars
5.train loosely
6. Use Indiscriminable contingencies
7.program common stimuli

Question 18

Problem with antecedents

Answer 18

Behaviour is controlled by antecedents, maintained by consequences/reinforcers
Sometimes antecedents are ambiguous = not easy to see what is controlling the behaviour, hard to figure out what the antecedents are
May behave differently to the same SD depending on context - even if function is the same, behaviour may change due to specific context