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Y1 - Body Logs > Lecture 5 - Tissues, Organs And Systems > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Tissues, Organs And Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of structurally similar cells that function together as a unit

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2
Q

What 4 things holds cells together?

A

Cell to cell adhesion molecules
Extracellular matrix proteins (fibres)
Internal-external scaffolding
Close proximity (pressure effects)

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3
Q

What do epithelial cells normally rest on top of?

A

Basement membrane between them and A supporting bed of connective tissue

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4
Q

What usually separate epithelial cells and the supporting bed of connective tissue?

A

A basement membrane

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5
Q

What is the definition of an organ?

A

Multiple tissues coming together

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6
Q

How are epithelial cells held together?

A

Through epithelial cell adherence systems

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7
Q

Where are adherence systems found on/in an epithelial cell?

A

The lateral surface
The basal surface

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8
Q

What is the role of the adherence systems found on the lateral surface of an epithelial cell?

A

Joins epithelial cells to epithelial cells

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9
Q

What is the role of the adherence systems found on the basal surface of an epithelial cell?

A

They join the epithelial cell to the basement membrane

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10
Q

What 4 epithelial adherence systems are located on the lateral surface of the epithelial cells?

A

Tight junctions
Adherens junctions (cadherins)
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

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11
Q

What is the function of the tight junction adherence system? (Lateral surface)

A

Seals neighbouring cells together in an epithelial sheet to prevent the leakage of molecules between the cells

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12
Q

What is the function of the Adherens junction adherence system? (Lateral surface)
(Cadherins)

A

Joins an actin bundle in one cell to a similar bundle in a neighbouring cell

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13
Q

What is the function of the Desmosome adherence system? (Lateral surface)

A

Joins the INTERMEDIATE filaments in one cell to those in a neighbour

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14
Q

What is the function of the gap junction adherence system? (Lateral surface)

A

Allows the passage of small water soluble ions and molecules
Allows for very quick communication between cells

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15
Q

Which of the lateral surface adherence systems is the strongest

A

Desmosomes

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16
Q

What are the 2 important adherence systems located on the basal surface of epithelial cells?

A

Hemidesmosomes
Focal adhesions (Integrins)

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17
Q

What is the function of the hemidesmosome adherence system? (Basal surface)

A

Anchors intermediate filaments in a cell to the basal lamina

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18
Q

What is the function of the focal adhesion adherence system? (Basal surface)
(Integrins)

A

Anchors actin filaments in a cell to the basal lamina

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19
Q

Which of the 2 adherence systems joins actin?

A

Adherens junction (Lateral surface) cadherins

Focal adhesion (Basal surface) Integrins

So cadherins and Integrins join actin, Cadherins actin cell to cell and Integrins actin from cell to basement membrane

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20
Q

Which of the 2 adherence systems join intermediate filaments?

A

Desmosomes (Lateral surface)

Hemidesmosomes (Basal surface)

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21
Q

What adherence system is very important for communication between cells that can touch each other?

A

Gap junctions

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22
Q

How do tissues adhere to other types of tissues?

A

Through connective tissue fibres

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23
Q

What is the 2 main functions of adherence proteins?

A

Maintain survival and structure of the cells and tissues

Prevent pathogenic entry into the internal environment

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24
Q

What is the definition of a Mucosal Membrane?

A

The moist, inner lining of some organs and body cavities

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25
What do the glands in the mucous membrane produce
Mucus
26
Where do musical membranes line?
GI Tract Urinary Tract Respiratory Tract Urogenital tract
27
What is mucous made of?
Mucins (Proteins made by goblet cells) Water Electrolytes Antiseptic enzymes Immunoglobulins
28
What are the 3 functions of mucosal membranes?
Stops pathogens and it entering the body Prevent dehydration of body tissues Lubrication
29
What happens when Collagen 4 is mutated?
Thin Basement membrane syndrome Causes lung disease and kidney disease
30
What are the layers of the GI tract from the lumen deeper into the tissue?
Epithelial mucosal cells line lumen Lamina Propria Muscularis mucosae (thin smooth muscle layer) Submucosa = Connective tissue with arteries and veins Muscularis externa = smooth muscle layer with muscle fibres going in 2 different directions Serosa = Connective tissue layer
31
What is the Muscularis mucosae?
Thin smooth muscle layer
32
What is submucosa?
Connective tissue layer with arteries and veins
33
What 2 directions do the smooth muscle fibres go in in the Muscularis externa?
Inner circular muscle Outer longitudinal muscle
34
What does the Serosa connective tissue contain?
Collagen and elastin fibres Small arteries and veins (maybe nerves)
35
How is the structure of the Epithelial mucosa of the oesophagus related to its function?
Stratified squamous non-keratinised Withstands abrasion
36
What does the submucosa do in the oesophagus?
Connective tissue joining epithelialmucosa to Muscularis externa Contains mucus secreting glands
37
What is the function of the Muscularis externa in the oesophagus?
Smooth muscle layers which allow food to be moved by peristalsis and for the oesophagus to return to its original shape
38
What are the 3 layers of smooth muscle in the Muscularis externa of the stomach? How does this differ to the smooth muscle of the Muscularis externa of the rest of the GI tract (oesophagus, small intestine and large intestine)?
Oblique Circular Longitudinal Reset = inner circular and outer longitudinal
39
What are the 3 functions of mucosa in the GI tract?
Absorb substances from the lumen Prevent ingress of pathogens Move contents and expel waste
40
How does the mucosa of the GI tract allow it to absorb substances from the lumen?
Folding of mucosa (SA) Microvilli (SA)
41
How does the mucosa of the GI tract allow it to prevent ingress of pathogens from the lumen?
Carries out peristalsis Lamina propria contains lymphatic tissue
42
How does the mucosa of the GI tract allow it to move contents and expel waste from the lumen?
Muscularis externa performs peristalsis
43
What is the structural unit of the kidney?
Nephron
44
What is the function of the nephron?
Remove/filter waste from the body
45
What type of epithelial cells are present in the glomerulus/corpuscle of the nephron?
Squamous epithelial cells
46
What type of epithelial cells line the nephron collecting ducts?
Cuboidal epithelial cells
47
In the urinary tract, where does the muscle layer first start to appear?
Ureter and bladder
48
Describe the structure of the mucosal membrane in the ureter:
Transitional epithelial cells line lumen Lamina propria connects epithelium to Muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle) Surrounded by Muscularis externa
49
Where are Transitional epithelial cells usually found?
In the Urinary tract
50
What is the other name give to transitional epithelial cells?
Urothelium or Umbrella cells
51
What is the function of the Urothelium, umbrella cells or Transitionl epithelial cells in the urinary tract?
Ensures urine stays in Urinary tract Produce mucus Protects bladder from damage from acidic urine Tigh junctions and well packed together helps protect inner cell layers from damage
52
What is the function of the Urinary tract?
Absorption of essential nutrients in the kidney Prevent pathogen entry Remove waste products
53
What is special about the mucus glands in the urethra?
Produce lots of sticky mucus to prevent ingress of pathogens
54
What is special about the Urothelium cells in the urethra?
Change to squamous then keratinised squamous epithelium at outlet
55
What is the function of the respiratory tract?
Gaseous transport and exchange
56
What are the 2 parts which the respiratory tract is divided into?
Conducting portion Respiratory portion
57
What is part of the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?
Nasal cavity to bronchioles
58
What is part of the respiratory portion of the the respiratory tract?
Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
59
What is special about the structure of the trachea despite it containing mucous membranes?
Has no outer layer of smooth muscle (muscularis externa) Contains C shaped hyaline cartilage to keep trachea open
60
Describe the structure of the trachea and primary bronchi:
Mucosa = Pseudostratified ciliates columnar epithelium , lamina propria Submucosa = Connective tissue layer = collagen, elastin and fibroblasts, seromucous glands make watery mucus C-shaped hyaline cartilage
61
What is contained in the secretions from the epithelium and submucosal glands of the trachea and bronchi?
Mucins and water Serum proteins (Lubrication) Lysozyme (destroys bacteria) Anti-proteases (inactivates bacterial enzymes)
62
What is the function of cilia in the trachea?
Beat synchronously to waft mucus containing pathogens or dirt to be swallowed
63
WHat do goblet cells do?
Produce Mucins which is the sticky component of mucus
64
How is the histology of secondary and tertiary bronchi different to primary bronchi?
C shaped hyaline cartilage no longer present as full circle of rings BOTH HAVE NO OUTER LAYER OF SMOOTH MUSCLE
65
What is the function of collagen and elastin in the structure of the alveolus?
Collagen provides strength holding everything in place Elastin allows alveolus to expand and elastically recoil back into its shape when empty
66
What is the type of epithelial cell that lines the alveolus?
Simple squamous epithelial cells
67
What is the basement membrane made up of that is found between the epithelial layer and the underlying connective tissue?
Basal lamina Reticular layer

Y1 - Body Logs (25 decks)

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