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Y1 - Body Logs > Lecture 13 - Bone > Flashcards

Lecture 13 - Bone Flashcards

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1
Q

What is ossification?

A

The formation of bone

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2
Q

How many types of ossification are there?

A

2

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of ossification?

A

Endochondral ossification
Intra-membranous ossification

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4
Q

What is EndoCHONDRAL Ossification?

A

Formation of LONG BONES from a Hyaline CARTILAGE TEMPLATE

CHONDRAL = Cartilage

Continued growth and lengthening at epiphyseal plate (appositional growth)

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5
Q

So what is Appositional Growth and therefore Endochondral Ossification?

A

Chondrocytes at epiphyseal plate secrete new bone matrix/tissue at the surface of the bone.

Bone gets added to existing surface

This causes the bone to grow outwards expanding and widening

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6
Q

What is Intra-membranous ossification?

A

Formation of bone from clusters of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC) in the centre of the bone

Interstitial growth (growth in middle)

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7
Q

What Bones does Endochondral Ossification form?

A

Long Bones (E.g):
Tibia, fibula, femur, metatarsals and phalanges of LOWER LIMB

Humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals and phalanges of UPPER LIMB

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8
Q

What bones does Intra-membranous ossification form?

A

Flat Bones of the skull and face
Most Cranial Bones (Part of Skull)
Clavicle

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9
Q

How many bones in the body?

A

206

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10
Q

Bone functions

A

Support body
Protect Organs
Storage/reserviour of inorganic substances (CALCIUM and PHOSPHORUS)
Haemopoiesis
Fat storage (yellow marrow)
Acid-base homeostasis (Calcium is alkali)

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11
Q

What type of tissue is Bone?

A

CONNECTIVE Tissue

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12
Q

If Bone is a connective tissue what is it made up of?

A

Cells (Osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts)
Collagenous fibres
Hard calcified matrix (only other body parts with a hard matrix is teeth

So the extracellular matrix = Collagenous fibres and calcified matrix

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13
Q

What 2 parts are the skeleton split into?

A

Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton

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14
Q

How many bones in Axial skeleton and what is its function?

A

80
The main supporting/foundation bones
The bones down the middle

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15
Q

Examples of bones in the Axial skeleton

A

Bones of skull
RIbs
Vertebrae

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16
Q

How many bones in the Apendicular Skeleton and its function

A

126
All other bones not in Axial Skeleton
Needed to help movement

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17
Q

Examples of Appendicular Skeleton bones

A

Upper Limbs
Lower LImbs
Pelvic Girdle

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18
Q

What are the 2 forms of Bone?

A

Compact/dense (Cortical Bone)
Spongy (Cancellous or medullary Bone)

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19
Q

Where is Compact/Cortical bone found?

A

Shafts of long bones
Forms plates of flat bones

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20
Q

Where is spongy bone found?

A

Ends of long bones (In epiphyses)
Centre of flat bones
Centre of Irregular Bones

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21
Q

What is found in central cavity and in spaces of spongy bone in Long Bones?

A

Red bone marrow (Haemopoiesis)
Yellow bone marrow ( Adipose tissue for energy source)

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22
Q

What is special about yellow bone marrow?

A

It can convert to red bone marrow in times of severe stress

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23
Q

What is Periosteum?

A

The tough DENSE vascular fibrous connective tissue layer that surrounds the bone.

It supplies blood (nutrients),lymphatic vessels and nerves to the Osteons via the Haversian canal

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24
Q

What is the Endosteum?

A

Thin cellular layer lining the inside of the marrow cavity of the bone

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25
What is the function of Cortical bone?
Provides mechanical strength and protects organs
26
Spongy Bone function and where is it found?
End of long bones and centre of flat and irregular bones Gives space for red marrow to grow and develop
27
What is the strucutre and function of the Central cavity of long bones?
Has spaces of spongy bone (yellow marrow can be here)
28
What is the Epiphyses in long bone?
The ends of the bone containing Cancellous or spongy bone
29
What is the diaphyses in long bone?
The hollow region of bone made up of cortical bone found between the 2 epiphyses, contains Bone marrow
30
What is an osteoblast?
Bone producing cell It lays down substance called osteoid
31
What is osteoid?
Collagen 1 Enzymes Ground substance
32
What is an Osteocyte?
An osteoblast which has been surrounded in MINERALISED OSTEOID = BONE SUBSTANCE
33
What is an osteoclast?
Multinucleated cell that contains macrophages which breaks down bone.
34
What is an Osteon/Haversian system? Osteon and Haversian system are interchangeable terms
The Functional Unit of the Cortical Bone The Structures that cortical bone is composed of
35
What is Lacunae?
Spaces which contain osteocytes
36
What is lamellae in the Osteon?
The concentric rings of matrix which surround the Haversian Canal
37
What is the Haversian Canal?
The central part of the Osteon that contains: -Nutrient Providing Blood Vessels -Lymphatic Vessels -Nerves These supply the osteocytes with blood nutrients from the periosteum.
38
What are Volkmann’s Canals?
Haversian canals that branch horizontally to adjacent Osteons. They help blood to flow from the periosteum to all of the Osteons
39
What is found within the lamellae?
Lacunae (Contain osteocytes)
40
What are canaliculi in Osteons?
Small channels running between all of the lacunae, supply the osteocytes with substances and nervous impulses
41
What is Spongy (cancellous bone) made up of?
Network of Beams of Bone called Trabeculae
42
Cancellous bone has gaps between its Trabeculae. What is found here?
Red Bone Marrow
43
How does Osteoid become mineralised?
Calcium and phosphate deposited into osteoid forms strong crystals called hydroxyapatite
44
Why is vitamin D important for bones?
Vitamin D is necessary to absorb calcium Low Vit D = low calcium = poor bone mineralisation = weak bones
45
What is an osteoblast called that is trapped in bone lamellae?
Osteocyte
46
Which cells produce alkaline phosphatase?
Osteoblasts
47
What is the function of alkaline phosphatase?
MAKES HYDROXYAPATITE Changes the osteoid pH by adding hydroxide and bicarbonate ions to calcium phosphate leading to the deposition of hydroxyapatite (mineralisation)
48
What is the cement line?
The boundary between newly formed bone tissue and non bone tissue
49
How is the periosteum connected to the bone?
Via collagen fibres called Sharpeys fibres
50
What is the function of the inner layer of sharpeys fibres?
Contains Osteoprogenitor cells that differentiate into Osteoblasts
51
What are the cavities called which osteocytes occupy?
Lacunae
52
How is bone lamellae arranged in cortical bone to form an Osteon?
In concentric rings running 45º to each other Protects against torsion damage
53
How are the collagen fibres arranged in a bone lamellae?
Running in same direction
54
What is bone resorption?
When osteoclasts release collagen digesting enzyme and acidic mixture to dissolve Calcium phosphate in the bone returning it to the blood
55
What is bone remodelling?
Constant formation, breakdown and replacement of bone
56
What is Osteomyelitis?
Infection within bone
57
What is osteopathy?
Disease of the bone
58
What is Osteoporosois?
Weak bone
59
What is Osteosarcoma?
Cancer originating from bone forming cells
60
What is the middle of a bone called?
Diaphyses
61
What are the 2 ends of a bone called?
Epiphyses
62
What are the 2 steps to bone remodelling?
Osteoclasts cut large cutting cone Osteoblasts make smaller tunnel of cortical bone called the closing cone
63
What can affect the activity of osteoblasts?
Simulated by: -calcitonin -GH -Thyroid hormones -Vit A -OESTTROGEN AND TESTOSTERONE
64
What can affect the activity of osteoclasts?
Increased activity by PTH - so more Ca2+ released into blood Decreased by calcitonin (block action of PTH at PTH receptor)
65
What nutrients affect bone stability and why?
Vitamin D (makes Calcitriol needed for Ca2+ absorption so poor mineralisation of bone if deficient) Vitamin C (synthesising strong collagen, is a cofactor for prolyl hydroxylase needed to hydroxylate proline so many strong hydrogen bonds can form) Vitamins K and B12 - needed to make bone proteins
66
What does a decrease in bone mass of trabecular bone leave patients vulnerable to?
Increased susceptibility to fracture
67
What is Osteogenesis imperfecta?
Brittlel bone disease to a gene mutation
68
What gene is mutated in Osteogenesis imperfecta?
COL1A1
69
What is the affect of the mutated COL1A gene in Osteogenesis imperfecta?
Incorrect Collagen 1 production Not enough made or collagen made does not knit together well
70
What are the signs and symptoms of Osteogenesis imperfecta?
BLUE SCLERA Short stature Weak bones (fractures) Poor teeth development Loose joints and flat or arched feet
71
What are the 2 bone diseases that occur as a result of Vitamin D deficiency?
Rickets Osteomalacia
72
Which of the Vitamin D deficiencies affects children?
Rickets
73
What are the signs and symptoms of Rickets in children?
BOWED LEGS Soft bones Painful to walk Short height and stature
74
How does a lack of vitamin D cause weak soft bones?
Vitamin D needed to make Calcitriol Calcitriol needed to absorb calcium Lack of calcium leads to reduced formation of Hydroxyapatite so reduced/ineffective bone mineralisation
75
What is Osteomalacia?
Rickets in adults Vitamin D deficiency
76
What are the 2 types of Primary Osteoporosis?
Type 1 = post menopausal women Type 2 = older men and women (senile osteoporosis)
77
How does Primary Type 1 osteoporosis occur in post menopausal women?
Decreased oestrogen levels causes decreased activity of OSTEOBLASTS and INCREASED amounts of OSTEOCLASTS
78
What happens in Primary Type 2 osteoporosis?
As people get older, osteoblasts lose their function
79
What is secondary Osteoporosis?
Caused by drug therapy, malnutrition, prolonged immobilisation, metabolic bone diseases
80
In terms of bone strength and amounts, what happens in osteoporosis?
Loss of bone matrix Loss of structural density Demineralisation
81
How can poor bone strength/demineralisation be detected?
Measure bone density
82
In terms of resorption bays, what happens in osteoporosis associated with aging?
INcomplete filling of the bays
83
How can osteoporosis be prevented/delayed?
Sufficient calcium intake Exercise Not smoking
84
Which type of bone is affected most by osteoporosis?
Trabecular/cancellous bone
85
What type of mutation causes Achondroplasia?
Autosomal dominant POINT mutation
86
Which gene is affected in Achondroplasia?
FGFR3
87
What is the function of the FGFR3 gene?
Prodces fibroblast growth factor This stimulates Chondrocytes to lay down new cartilage
88
What happens when the FGFR3 gene is mutated?
FGF is not made Reduced Endochondral ossification
89
What are the signs of achondroplasia?
Short stature (normal head and torso) Long bones cant form properly (Endochondral ossification affected since cartilage affected, Intramembranous ossification normal)

Y1 - Body Logs (25 decks)

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