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Y1 - Body Logs > Lecture 10 - Connective Tissue (proper) > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Connective Tissue (proper) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of connective tissue?

A

Tissue that connects, supports, binds or separates other tissues or organs

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2
Q

What are the 3 components of the structure of connective tissue?

A

Cells
Fibres
Ground substance

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3
Q

What are the main cells of connective tissues?

A

Fibroblasts
Chondrocytes
Osteocytes/osteoblasts/osteoclasts
Stem cells/progenitor cells/bone marrow/blood/adipocytes

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4
Q

What are the main products produced by connective tissues?

A

Fibres
Ground substance

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5
Q

What 2 components of connective tissue make up the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

A

Fibres + Ground substance

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6
Q

What fibres are commonly found in connective tissues?

A

Collagens
Elastin
Reticular fibres

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7
Q

What is ground substance made of?

A

Proteoglycans like Hyaluronic acid (a type of glucosaminoglycan)

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8
Q

What is the function of connective tissue??

A

Binds and supports tissues
Protection (fat as shock absorber)
Insulation (bone marrow holding warm blood)
Storing reserve fuel and cells (bone marrow and fat)
Transporting substances
Separating tissues (fascia and tendons/cartilage)

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of Connective Tissue Proper?

A

Loose connective tissue
Dense connective tissue

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10
Q

What is the strucutre of loose connective tissue?

A

1.) Multiple cell types: Fibroblast, macrophages, other WBCs, mast cells and adipocytes

2.) 2 main fibres = collagen and elastin

3.) Lots of Gel like ground substance made of: proteoglycans, Hyaluronic acid…..

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11
Q

What is the name given to macrophages in connective tissues?

A

Histiocytes

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12
Q

What is the function of loose connective tissue?

A

Acts as packing around organs
Cushions and stabilises organs
Holds vessels and everything in place
Involved in inflammation pathways (mast cells)

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13
Q

Where is loose connective tissue found?

A

Under all epithelial layers (Called the Lamina propria)
Around glands, capillaries , nerves and sinusoids

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14
Q

What do the cells and fibres all lie in in connective tissue?

A

Ground substance

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15
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

The cells that synthesis and secrete the fibres that lie within the ground substance

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16
Q

Why are fibroblasts important in wound healing?

A

Produce scar tissue

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17
Q

What are myofibroblasts and what is special about them?

A

Modified fibroblasts
Contain actin and myosin
Responsible for wound contraction

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18
Q

What type of cells are the hisitocytes/macrophages?

A

Dendritic cells
They present foreign material to the T lymphocytes

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19
Q

What is the function of mast cells?

A

Important in the immune response

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20
Q

What substances to Mast cells release when activated?

A

Histamine (inc blood vessel permeability)
Heparin (anticoagulant)
Cytokines (attract eosinophils and neutrophils)

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21
Q

When do mast cells become activated?

A

Infection by bacteria, parasites and allergens
Get coated by IgE

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22
Q

Where are Mast Cells not found an why?

A

CNS
avoid damaging effects of oedema

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23
Q

What are unilocular adipocytes called?

A

White adipocytes

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24
Q

What is the structure of a white adipocytes?

A

Single large lipid droplet
Nucleus, cytoplasm and organelles all squeezed to one side of cell (peripheral)

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25
What is the function of white adipocytes?
Shock absorber Insulation Energy reserve
26
What are mulitlocular adipocytes called?
Brown adipocytes
27
What is the structure of brown adipocytes?
Lots of small lipids droplets Nucleus, cytoplasm and organelles squeezed to CENTER of cell
28
What is the function of brown adipocytes?
Insuliton Energy reserve
29
How does the number of mitochondria differ between white and brown adipose?
Brown has more mitochondria In neonates, the ETC and ATP synthesis are uncoupled to generate lots of heat
30
How many types of collagen are there?
Type I Type II Type III Type IV
31
What is the structure of Type 1 collagen?
Fibrils form Fibres
32
What is the structure of Type II collagen?
Fibrils do NOT FORM FIBRES
33
What is the structure of Type III collagen?
Fibrils form fibres around muscles, nerve cells and in lymphatic tissues and lymphatic organs and in tendons
34
What is Type III collagen also called? (Collagen fibres around muscle and nerve cells….)
Reticulin (reticular fibres) Reticular fibres are mainly made of Type III collagen
35
What is the structure of Type IV collagen?
Unique form present in only the BASEMENT MEMBRANE
36
What type of fibre is not found in Areolar/loose connective tissue?
Reticular fibres/Reticulin
37
What is the role of collagen?
Flexible with high tensile strength
38
What is the role of reticular fibres?
Provide supporting/spongy framework
39
What is the role of elastin?
Allows tissues to recoil after stretch or distension
40
Where is loose connective tissue found?
Beneath epithelia (facilitates diffusion) Associated with epithelia of glands Around small blood vessels
41
What is the important role of connective tissues?
To challenge pathogens that have breached the epithelia so they can be destroyed by the immune system
42
Give an example where loose connective tissue can be found:
Superficial layer of the dermis in the skin Submucosa of colon
43
What is ground substance?
A viscous, clear substance with a high water content
44
What does ground substance contain?
Water Proteoglycans
45
What are proteoglycans?
Large macromolecules
46
What is the structure of a Proteoglycan?
Has glycosaminoglycans covalently bound to a core protein
47
What is the name of a special Glycosaminoglycan found in the ground substance of cartilage?
Hyaluronic acid
48
What is the role of glycosaminoglcyans in ground substance?
Attract water to form hydrated gel which allows for rapid diffusion and compression resistance
49
What type of connective tissue is Mucoid connective tissue?
Loose connective tissue
50
What is the strucutre of mucoid connective tissue?
Thin collagen III fibres Immature fibroblasts Jelly like ground substance
51
Where is mucoid connective tissue found?
Umbilical cord
52
What are the 2 types of Dense connective tissue?
Regular Irregular
53
How are the collagen fibres arranged in dense irregular connective tissue?
Irregularly orientated in all directions
54
What is the advantage of the collagen fibres being randomly orientated in the dense irregular connective tissue in the lower part of the dermis of the skin?
Skin can resist forces in multiple direction preventing tearing Elastic fibres allow skin to stretch and restore back to shape
55
How are the collagen bundles arranged in Regular dense connective tissue?
Lie in parallel
56
What is an example of regular dense connective tissue?
Tendon Lie in line with the tensile force exert by the muscle to move the bone
57
What is a myotendinous junction?
Area where skeletal muscle fibres connect with tendon collage bundles
58
What types of collagen are present in tendons?
Collagen I 70% Collagen III (Reticulin) 30%
59
What are ligaments?
Regular dense connective tissue joining bone to bone
60
What is it called when collagen bundles of a ligament are surrounded by loose connective tissue?
Fascicle
61
What is fascia?
A connective tissue
62
What are the 3 types of fascia?
Superficial Deep Visceral or parietal
63
What is superficial fascia?
Fascia found directly under skin and above the adipose layers
64
What is deep fascia?
Fascia that surrounds bones, nerves, muscles and blood vessels
65
What is visceral fascia?
Fascia surrounding organs in cavities like the abdomen
66
What is Parietal fascia?
Tissues that surround the wall of cavities in the body just outside the parietal layer of serosa
67
What type of connective tissue is fascia?
Dense regular connective tissue Can resist great unidirectional tensions
68
What causes Scurvy?
Vitamin C deficiency
69
How is vitamin C relevant to collagen?
Needed as a cofactor for an enzyme which hydroxylates proline and lysine Needed so collagen fibrils can form lots of hydrogen bonds between each other so the collagen fibres are strong
70
What happens to the procollagen when vitamin C is deficient?
No Hydroxylation of proline and lysine so weak forces between collagen fibrils Weak collagen
71
What are the signs and symptoms of scurvy?
Poor wound being Impaired bone formation Gum disease Bleeding Weakness and fatigue
72
What causes Marfan’s syndrome?
Mutation of Fibrillin 1 gene (Autosomal dominant)
73
What is affected a a result of the mutation in the Fibrillin 1 gene in Marfan’s syndrome?
Elastic tissues
74
What are the signs of Marfan’s syndrome?
Abnormally tall Arachnodactyly (long slender and curved fingers and very long arms) Frequent joint dislocation
75
What are sufferers of Marfan’s syndrome at significant risk of? Why?
Catastrophic aortic rupture Less functional elastin in the tunica media, less ability to elastically recoil so aneurysm occurs, thin walls = more prone to rupture
76
Where are elastic fibres important?
Dermis Artery walls Lungs Sites with elastic cartilage
77
Why are elastic fibres being broken bad?
Elastin is not replaced in an adult
78
What is Osteogenesis Imperfecta caused by?
Mutation in COL1A or COL2A gene
79
What is affected in Osteogenesis imperfecta?
Mutation of Collagen I or Collagen II fibres
80
What does osteogenesis imperfecta cause?
Weak brittle bones prone to fractures Short stature BLUE SCLERA Poor teeth development Hyper mobility (loos joints)
81
What is the normal function of Fibrillin 1?
Binds to elastin to allow for elastic recoil

Y1 - Body Logs (25 decks)

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