Lecture 14 - Bone, Bone Marrow, Vessels And Blood

Question 1

What are the 5 types of bone?

Answer 1

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesmoidal

Question 2

What is the structure of long bones?

Answer 2

Longer than they are wide

Question 3

Where are long bones mostly located?

Answer 3

Appendicular skeleton

Question 4

What is the function of long bones?

Answer 4

Support the weight of the body and facilitate movement

Question 5

What are some examples of long bones?

Answer 5

Femur, fibula, tibia, metatarsal, phalanges
Humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpal, phalanges

Question 6

What is the structure of short bones?

Answer 6

About as long as they are wide

Question 7

Where are short bones found?

Answer 7

Wrist and ankle joins
Carpals in wrist (scaphoid)
Tarsal in ankles (calcaneus)

Question 8

What is the function of short bones?

Answer 8

Provide stability and some movement

Question 9

What is the structure of flat bones?

Answer 9

Flattened bones with roughly parallel opposite edges

Question 10

Where are flat bones found?

Answer 10

Skull (occipital bone)
Thoracic cage (sternum and ribs)
Pelvis (ilium)

Question 11

What is the function of flat bones?

Answer 11

Protect internal organs
Provide attachment sites for muscles

Question 12

What is the structure of irregular bones?

Answer 12

Vary in have ad structure so don’t fit in other categories

Question 13

What are some examples of irregular bones?

Answer 13

Vertebrae
Sacrum

Question 14

What is the function of irregular bones?

Answer 14

Protect internal organs
Vertebrae protect spinal cord
Pelvis (sacrum) protects organs in pelvic cavity
Anchor points for muscles

Question 15

Where are sesamoid bones found?

Answer 15

Embedded in tendons

Question 16

What is the structure of sesamoid bones?

Answer 16

Small round bounds found embedded in tendons of knees, hands and feet

Patella = sesamoid bone

Question 17

What is the function of sesamoid bones?

Answer 17

Protects tendons from stress and damage from repeated wear and tear

Question 18

What does medulla ossea mean?

Answer 18

Middle of bone

Question 19

In what type of bone is bone marrow located?

Answer 19

Spaces of cancellous/trabecular bone

In the gaps between the Trabeculae

Question 20

What are the 2 types of bone marrow?

Answer 20

Red marrow
Yellow marrow

Question 21

What is the function of red marrow?

Answer 21

Haemopoiesis (replenish blood cells)
Rich blood supply

Question 22

What is the function of yellow marrow?

Answer 22

Shock absorber
Energy source

Question 23

What is yellow marrow made up of?

Answer 23

Adipocytes
Poor blood supply

Question 24

What is special about yellow bone marrow?

Answer 24

It can convert into red bone marrow

Question 25

Where is yellow bone marrow located?

Answer 25

Medulla region of long bones

Question 26

What is the structure of spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone?

Answer 26

Each trabecula has lots of osteocytes embedded ithin irregular bone lamellae In the gaps between Trabeculae bone marrow is found

Question 27

What blood cells does the stem cells in red bone marrow produce?

Answer 27

Red blood cell White blood cells = Granulocytes and Aggranulocytes Granulcytes = Basophil, Eosinophil and Neutrophil Aggranulocytes = B Lymphocyte and monocyte Megakaryocyte

Question 28

What hormone stimulates Megakaryocyte to produce platelets?

Answer 28

Thrombopoietin

Question 29

What hormone stimulates production of erythrocytes?

Answer 29

Erythropoietin (kidney makes in hypoxia)

Question 30

How do maturing cells leave the bone marrow into circulation?

Answer 30

Enter sinusoidal capillaries Joins to the central marrow vein Blood leaves bone via Vena comitans

Question 31

How do platelets enter into blood circulation from bone marrow?

Answer 31

Apocrine secretion

Question 32

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

Answer 32

Continuous Fenestrated Sinusoid

Question 33

How do newly formed RBCs travel to the heart?

Answer 33

Venue —— Intermediate vein —— larger vein —- vena cava —- right atrium

Question 34

How is blood flow to capillaries controlled?

Answer 34

Pre-capillary sphincters ((Smooth muscle attached to Arterioles)

Question 35

What is the function of pre-capillary sphincters?

Answer 35

Controls fluid exchange between capillaries and body tissues that happens at the capillary bed

Question 36

What is the definition of a vein?

Answer 36

An elastic blood vessel that transports blood from various regions of the body TO the heart

Question 37

What are the 3 layers of a vein?

Answer 37

Tunica intima - endothelial cells Tunica media - elastic fibres and smooth muscle (thin compared to arteries) Tunica externa - elastic fibrous capsule (fibroblast)

Question 38

What structures do veins contain that arteries dont and why?

Answer 38

Fibroelastic cartilaginous valves Low pressure system Prevents backflow of blood

Question 39

Since blood flow in veins is low pressure, what aids the flow fo blood back to the heart?

Answer 39

The contractions of surrounding skeletal muscles

Question 40

What are the 4 types of veins?

Answer 40

Pulmonary veins Systemic veins Superficial veins Deep veins

Question 41

What are Pulmonary veins?

Answer 41

Veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

Question 42

What are systemic veins?

Answer 42

Return oxygen depleted blood from the rest of the body to the right atrium of the heart

Question 43

What are superficial veins?

Answer 43

Located close to the surface of the skin and not near a corresponding artery

Question 44

What are deep veins?

Answer 44

Located deep in the body between tissues and surrounded by the viscera and organs Normally located by an artery with the same name

Question 45

What are the smallest veins called?

Answer 45

Venules

Question 46

Where do venules receive blood from?

Answer 46

Capillaries/arterioles

Question 47

What do venules branch into?

Answer 47

Larger veins which lead to the vena cava

Question 48

What is the definition of an artery?

Answer 48

Arteries are elastic blood vessels that convey blood AWAY from them heart

Question 49

How is the tunica intima of an artery different to a vein?

Answer 49

Has an elastic membrane lining and an non fenestrated endothelium

Question 50

How does the Tunica media in an artery differ to a vein?

Answer 50

Much thicker More elastin and smooth muscle

Question 51

How is the tunica externa of an artery different to a vein?

Answer 51

Thicker More collagen and elastic fibres Allows for stretch and prevents over expansion

Question 52

What is the size of the lumen for an artery?

Answer 52

Narrow

Question 53

What is the size of the lumen for a vein?

Answer 53

Wide

Question 54

What is the general structure of the wall of an artery?

Answer 54

Thick and strong Contains lots of muscles and elastic tissue Has fibrous tissue

Question 55

What is the general structure of the wall of a vein?

Answer 55

Thin Mainly FIBROUS tissue Less muscle and elastic tissue than artery

Question 56

What is the structure oof capillaries?

Answer 56

Only 1 cell thick

Question 57

What are collateral/communicating blood vessels?

Answer 57

Blood vessels that provide an alternate path for arterial blood flow

Question 58

What is the purpose of communicating/collateral blood vessels?

Answer 58

Provides protection for tissues that may become compromised

Question 59

Give an example of where collateral blood vessels may develop:

Answer 59

Atherosclerosis Communicating blood vessels may develop in the coronary arteries

Question 60

What is Vasculogenesis?

Answer 60

Formation of new blood vessels

Question 61

What is angiogenesis?

Answer 61

Formation of new blood vessels from existing blood vessels

Question 62

WHat is the pericyte?

Answer 62

A stem cell found on outside of capillaries Prevents endothelial cell proliferation Maintains tight capillaries has contractile properties