lecture 6

Question 1

identify the three bones that fused to form the coxal bones?

Answer 1

ilium, pubis, and the ischium

Question 2

what are the features of the ischium?

Answer 2

lateral aspect:
acetabulum
ischial spine
lesser sciatic notch
ischial tuberosity
ramus of ischium

medial aspect:
body of ischium
ischial spine
lesser sciatic notch
ramus of ischium
ischial tuberosity

Question 3

what are the features of the ilium?

Answer 3

lateral aspect:
ala
body
iliac crest
posterior superior iliac spine
posterior inferior iliac spine
greater sciatic notch
anterior superior iliac spine
anterior inferior iliac spine

medial aspect:
iliac crest
anterior superior iliac spine
iliac fossaanterior inferior iliac spine
arcuate line
tuberosity of ilium
articular surface of ilium
posterior superior iliac spine
posterior inferior iliac spine
greater sciatic notch

Question 4

what are the features of the pubis?

Answer 4

lateral aspect:
pubic tubercle

medial aspect:
pecten pubis 
superior ramus of the pubis
body of pubis
inferior ramus of the pubis

Question 5

identify the components of the pelvic brim?

Answer 5

also known as the pelvic inlet, comprised of the sacral promontory, the arcuate lines, iliopectineal lines, pubis symphysis

Question 6

Distinguish between the true pelvis and the false pelvis.

Answer 6

region superior to pelvic brim and comprises inferior portion of abdominal cavity; region inferior to pelvic brim

Question 7

Identify the pelvic outlet and the axis of the pelvis and it

Answer 7

pelvic outlet is the level of inferior tips of coccyx to inferior tip of pubic symphysis; the axis of the pelvis can be found when you draw perpendicular lines though the pelvic inlet and then following axis of concavity and so this is the path of baby’s head during parturition

Question 8

Distinguish between the male and female pelvis.

Answer 8

refer to note

Question 9

what are the bones of the lower extremity?

Answer 9

femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsals and phalanges

Question 10

where is the femur?

Answer 10

articulates with the coxal bone proximally and the patella and tibia distally

Question 11

what are the anatomical features of the femur?

Answer 11

fovea capitus, neck, greater/lessor trochanters, gluteal tuberosity and linear aspera, medal/lateral condyles, intercondylar fossa, patellar surface, adductor tubercle

Question 12

where is the fovea capitus?

Answer 12

depression within the head of the femur and attachment site for the ligament that secures the head to the acetabulum

Question 13

what is the significance of the head of the femur?

Answer 13

it connects the head to the shaft of the femur and the most common site for pelvic fractures

Question 14

what is the most common site for pelvic fractures?

Answer 14

the neck

Question 15

T/F, the Q angle is used in association with the neck?

Answer 15

T, angle formed by a line drawn from the anterior superior iliac spine through the center of the patella and a line drawn from the center of the patella to the center of the tibial tubercle

Question 16

what are the typical values for men?women?

Answer 16

12 degrees for men, 17 degrees for women

Question 17

what happens with an increased Q angle?

Answer 17

genu valgum or knock knees

Question 18

what happens with decreased Q angle?

Answer 18

bowed legs, this condition and knock knees can give rise to knee pathologies

Question 19

where are the lesser and greater trochanters?

Answer 19

projections that serve as attachment points for gluteal and thigh muscles

Question 20

what are the anatomic features of the greater and lesser trochanters?

Answer 20

inter trochanter crest, located between greater and lesser trochanter and the greater trochanter which is used as a landmark for IM injections in the lateral thigh

Question 21

what are the gluteal tuberosity and linea aspera?

Answer 21

features on posterior femur for muscle attachment

Question 22

what do the medial and lateral condyles articulate with?

Answer 22

articulate with corresponding structures of tibia

Question 23

what is the intercondylar fossa?

Answer 23

site of cruciate ligaments

Question 24

what is the adductor tubercle?

Answer 24

site of muscle attachment

Question 25

what is the patella?

Answer 25

the sesamoid bone that develops in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris and increases muscle leverage and maintain position of tendon when leg is flexed

Question 26

what are the components of the patella?

Answer 26

the base(broad superior region) and the apex (pointed inferior region)

Question 27

so the patella has paired articular facets on the posterior surface that articulate with what?

Answer 27

the distal femur

Question 28

what type of clinical correlation can we see with injury to the patella?

Answer 28

runner’s knee >> caused by over use of improper tracking of patella over femur

Question 29

where is the tibia?

Answer 29

medial bone of the leg

Question 30

what comprises the tibia?

Answer 30

``` lateral and medial condyle intercondylar eminence tibial tuberosity medial malleolus anterior crest ```

Question 31

how does the tibia articulate with the fibula?

Answer 31

via the proximal tibiofibular joint and the distal tibiofibular joint

Question 32

what is the fibula?

Answer 32

lateral bone of the leg

Question 33

what is the anatomical feature of the fibula?

Answer 33

the lateral malleolus

Question 34

where is the lateral malleolus?

Answer 34

lateral prominence of the ankle that articulates with talus

Question 35

T/F, the fibula bears a great deal of weight?

Answer 35

F, it heals rapidly and used as a source for graft bone

Question 36

what are the tarsal bones?

Answer 36

talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, cuneiform and so remember the mnemonic = Tiger Cubs Need MILC

Question 37

what are the functions for the arch of the foot?

Answer 37

allows for weight distribution, not rigid (shock absorbers), provides leverage during walking

Question 38

when are the arches fully developed?

Answer 38

developed by 12

Question 39

how can clinical applications be applied to the arches of the feet?

Answer 39

flat feet, pes cavus, congenital talipes, bunion

Question 40

what can be noted about the flat foot?

Answer 40

it can be asymptomatic, occurs due to loosening of tendons and ligaments that support the arch, not treated if not associated with pain

Question 41

what can be noted about the pes cavus (high arches)?

Answer 41

can be a normal asymptomatic anatomical variant or can be due to different neurological disorders

Question 42

what does pes cavus mean?

Answer 42

high arches

Question 43

what does talipes mean?

Answer 43

club foot

Question 44

what can be noted about congenital talipes?

Answer 44

feet turned medially and inverted, genetic factors plus in utero positioning thought to play a role

Question 45

what is a bunion?

Answer 45

lateral deviation of the hallux

Question 46

how does a bunion occur?

Answer 46

genetic in origin and so this leads to improper bone structure and loose tendons and so can be considered genetic deformity that can lead to bunion and aggravated by footwear

Question 47

what are the spines of the ilium?

Answer 47

posterior superior iliac spine, posterior inferior iliac spine, anterior superior iliac spine, anterior inferior iliac spine

Question 48

what features can be found on the medial surface of the ilium?

Answer 48

iliac fossa, iliac tuberosity, auricular surface, arcuate line

Question 49

what is the iliac fossa?

Answer 49

cavity for muscle attachment

Question 50

what is the iliac tuberosity?

Answer 50

site of attachment for the sacroiliac ligament

Question 51

what articulates with the auricular surface?

Answer 51

articulates with the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint

Question 52

what is the greater sciatic notch?

Answer 52

allows passage of sciatic nerve

Question 53

what is the pubis?

Answer 53

it consists of a body plus an inferior and a superior ramus

Question 54

what are the features of the pubis?

Answer 54

surface for the pubic symphysis, pubic tubercle, iliopectineal line and the pubic arch

Question 55

how is the pubic arch formed?

Answer 55

formed by the inferior rami of both pubes

Question 56

what comprises the ischium?

Answer 56

body and ramus

Question 57

what is the body of the ischium comprised of?

Answer 57

ischial spine and lesser sciatic notch

Question 58

what is the ramus of the ischium comprised of?

Answer 58

ischial tuberosity

Question 59

what is significant about the ischial tuberosity located on the ramus of the ischium?

Answer 59

known as the sitter bone and a great landmark to find everything relative to it

Question 60

this is known as the sitter bone and a great landmark to find everything relative to it?

Answer 60

the ischial tuberosity

Question 61

why is the articulation of the ramus with the inferior ramus of the pubis important?

Answer 61

it forms the obturator (closed up) foramen and allows passage of nerves and blood vessels, but mostly sealed with fibrous tissue

Question 62

what is the acetabulum (vinegar cup)?

Answer 62

socket for the head of the femur

Question 63

what are the features of the acetabulum?

Answer 63

its formed at the juncture of the iliac, ischium, and pubis and the acetabular notch which gives rise to foramen that allows nutrient vessels to service joint