Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Micro Exam 4 > Lecture 6: Gonorrhea, Cholera, and the Flu > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Gonorrhea, Cholera, and the Flu Flashcards

(58 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

why is typhi more effective at infecting humans?

A

pseudogenes (the ones that WOULD be used to infect other organisms) aren’t taking up energy, so it is more efficient at infecting humans!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 viruses that cause cancer but ONLY in immunocompromsied people

A

EVB

Kaposis sarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the ONLY virus that causes cancer in healthy people?

A

HPV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

rotovirus

A

intestinal sickness
mostly in small children
daycare center toys primary source of infection bc they put things in their mouths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Typhi or Tymermirium more effective in causing disease in humans/

A

typhi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

typhi or tphymerium more common

A

typhimurium… being clean pretty much makes typhi a non issue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

are the typhi genes lost?

A

no, just mutated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

phenotype of syphillus

A

chancre… a weeping sore

so its rare, people can see it and feel it so they avoid spreading it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

phenotype of chlamydia and gonorrhea

A

often no presentation… so its way more common

there may be pain or discharge in LATE stages… so its likely you spread it before you show symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

evolution of gonorrhea and chlamydia as opposed to things like norovirus

A

STIs: less presentation of disease leads to more ability to spread
Norovirus and stuff: you shed it in diarrhea and stuff… so you NEED the presentation for the spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Boswell’s urethritis

A

he got gonorrhea like 24 times in his life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how gonorrhea differs from other diseases

A 
most diseases (including cold, smallpox ) You get the strain ONCE, then you are immune and don't get it again
gonorrhea: you get it over and over and over
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

treatment of gonorrhea

A

antibiotics

it goes away in like a day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why can you get gonorrhea multiple times

A

huge antigenic variation… immune can’t respond to a different thing
it even changes during the time you have it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

important thing for gonorrhea

A

type 4 pili (retractile)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

gonorrhea: Turner study in Baltimore

A

baltimore had highest gonorrhea rate in country
5-18% of the people in Baltimire had infection WITH NO SYMPTOMS … only 2 in 5,000 had disease (symptoms)
it is effective because it rarely causes disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what caused most loss of manpower in WWI??

A

gonorrhea!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

gonorrhea vaccine?

A

we don’t have one!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does gonorrhea infect?

A 
mucousal membranes
genital tract
rectum
throat
eyes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

other outcomes of gonorrhea if untreated

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

gonococcal arthritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

PID

A

can occur if gonorrhea untreated
major cause of sterility in women
scar tissue forms in uterus and fallopian tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Gonococcal arthritis

A

gonorrhea gets into other tissues

bacteria grows in space between 2 joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how do you diagnose gonorrhea??

A

neutrophils (which make the pus)

diplococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

graph on slide 7…what does it mean?

Study These Flashcards
A

women could be more sexually active earlier with older partners

younger men may have multiple partners

gonorrhea less of a problems as people age and become more monogamous

25
disseminated gonococcal infection
when gonorrhea disseminates to other tissues | PID and gonococcal artritis
26
trends in gonorrhea over time
1941ish: WWII...women more independent, less monogomy 1950s: back to monogomy 60s-70s: free-love, baby boomers go to college, pill, people have more partners 80s: HIV/AIDS, people start having safer sex
27
gonorrhea men vs. women
``` men don't have a lot of outcomes other than pain and discharge women: PID, tubo-ovarian abscess, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain infertility and (rarely) death :( ```
28
gonorrhea rates by state..education?
may not change much :/ | DC has highest rate of gonorrhea infection in nation
29
Women and gonorrhea presentation
40% symptomatic 60% asymptomatic BOTH can lead to further disease (but in US, symptoms usually lead to treatment)
30
More on PID
may think that nothing is wrong, pain in uterus may be "normal" septicemia can lead to shock and death (rarely)
31
gonorrhea basic infection of cell (really basic)
pili pull on surface of host cell, think no infection bacteria invade cell bacteria come out with different surface antigens
32
gonorrhea pili
pull on cell surface, grab surface receptors and activate them to convince no infection convince epithelial cells to endocytose the bacteria (which isn't normal)
33
what on surface of gonorrhea cell is antigenically variable?
pili!
34
what is success of gonorrhea based on?
GROUP (not individual bacteria) success need enough force on outside of cell to get one bacteria in great variety of antigens to confuse immune system large infectious dose
35
gonorrhea: type 4 pili
ADHESION is primary function send out a bundle of long, stringy pili, then pull in closer (retracting of pili) grab specific receptors on host cell cause receptors to signal to the cell to engulf the bacteria
36
what have we tried with gonorrhea vaccines?
tried to target pili | ths hasn't worked because they change a TON
37
PilE
core: a helix in the middle, can't be targeted | tried to target the parts hagning out, but it didn't work
38
why gonorrhea vaccines targeted at pili dont work
antigenic variation
39
gonorrhea pili antigenic variation
change the part of the pili hanging out silent pilins: non-expressed genes with open reading frames very similar to pili every so often when bacteria divides, RECOMBINATION of silent pilin and active pilE so pilE is constantly changing, we can't target theres like a million ways to express pilE
40
can you get infected with gonorrhea from the same host?
yes, because it is constantly changing
41
study... people infected with gonorrhea and pili studied
after just a week, a huge amount of diversity among the pili types and it takes almost a week and a half for symtoms to even show....but they were shedding bacteria the whole times about every day, there were new variants expressed
42
so why is gonorrhea so successful?
you are transmitting a ton of variants even before you know you are infected
43
vaccine types
``` attenuated heat killed outer membrane preparations purified proteins LPS target DNA vaccines ```
44
Adjuvant
a chemical you inject WITH the vaccine to get the immune response you need to the vaccine basically the innate activation which allows the adaptive response to happen
45
attenuated vaccine
whole organism missing JUST genes that allow it to establish infection lab adapted are grown in absence of immune system or use naturall like the cowpox...one that can't survive in humans oldest and most effective...also most dangerous for immunocompromised people
46
heat killed vaccine
still contains all molecular proteins | but heat causes denaturation of proteins (but primary sequence maintained)
47
outer membrane preparations
strip antigens off microbe, inject just the antigens and surface proteins into the person "purified proteins"
48
purified proteins
single protein infected, you get immunity to that protein
49
LPS target
targets LPS, pretty effective
50
DNA vaccines
inject with DNA, get a response to the proteins encoded in the DNA good for viruses
51
why do we vaccinate
selfish reasons... you dont want to get sick | MORE IMPORTANTLY: to protect those who can't get vaccinated and the very old and very young
52
why we vaccinate flu example
get college kids vaccinated... we get and spread the flu most but if we vaccinate, we protect the old people we visit ... their immune systems can't handle flu and they can die
53
flu vaccine types
injection | spray
54
flu injected vaccine
Targets: "whole" heat killed virus pros: safe for all ages Cons: egg allergies, storage media allergies and rxns type of immune response: CD4 T cells and neutralizing antibodies
55
flu nasal spray vaccine
targets: live, attenuated virions pros: more effective immune response in correct location Cons: can make ppl with weak immune system sick type of immune response: CD4 and CD8 T cells and neutralizing antibodies
56
How to make Flu Vaccine
1) in the lab make a new strain by combining the most common strains and attenuated version in eggs... random recombination of virions will occur 2) grow hybrid strain in cheicken eggs 3) test hybrid vaccine for surface proteins of new strains 4) test effectiveness 5) more production 6) package and send to the world
57
Flu
multiple different RNA segments make up its genume grows in people and birds, so we can grow it in eggs if one cell is infected with 2 variants of virus, random recombination will occur
58
Flu: H and N
spike proteins on surface that we have immune responses to | how we classify flu strains

Micro Exam 4 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions