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Micro Exam 4 > Lecture 1: Viruses 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Viruses 1 Flashcards

1
Q

hookworm

A

99% of time no symptoms
hook on and feed on blood
big b4 sanitation…pretty much EVERYONE had them
they can crawl 4 feet, so latrine are really deep
enter through skin of feet, leave in feces
CAN cause anemia… its rare

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2
Q

hookworm and allergies

A

ppl with hookworm have fewer allergies…
because they used to be a part of the normal flora?
mast cells mointor worms and allergies…
hookworms could probably regulate activity of mast cells to make them less reactive

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3
Q

hookworms in the south pre Civi war

A

the hookworms of the African slaves weree different since Africans and Europeans had been genetically isolated
so hookworms were genetically different
these hookworms caused sudden anemia in Southern US

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4
Q

size of viruses

A

sub-microscopic… cant see with microscope

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5
Q

virus

A

infect eukaryotes

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6
Q

bacteriophage

A

“viruses” that infect bacteria

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7
Q

adenovirus

A

cold

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8
Q

rhinovirus

A

cold

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9
Q

chlamydia elementary body

A

NOT a virus

but its very small and cant live by itself

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10
Q

prions

A

proteins that cause diseases
NO NUCLEIC ACIDS (no genetic material)
but still infectious

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11
Q

are viruses living?

A

NO

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12
Q

WHY are viruses not living?

A

because they DON’T have RIBOSOMES

this means they can’t complete the central dogma

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13
Q

REVIEW SLIDE 5!!

A

table about bacteria vs. viruses

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14
Q

Bacteria vs. Virus (and chlamydias)

INTRACELLULAR PARASITE?

A

Bact: NO
Chlamydia: YES
Virus: YES… MUST replicate inside cell

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15
Q

Bacteria vs. Virus (and chlamydias)

PLASMA MEMBRANE?

A

Bacteria: Yes
Chlamydia: Yes
Virus: NO… but some steal host membrane

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16
Q

Bacteria vs. Virus (and chlamydias)

BINARY FISSION?

A

Bacteria: Yes
Chlamydia: Yes
Virus: No

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17
Q

Bacteria vs. Virus (and chlamydias)

MOVE THROUGH BACTERIOLOGICAL FILTER?

A

Bacteria: No
Chlamydia: no/yes (EBs do)
Virus: No

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18
Q

Bacteria vs. Virus (and chlamydias)

Posses DNA AND RNA?

A

Bacteria: yes
Chlamydia: yes
Virus: NO! one or the other

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19
Q

Bacteria vs. Virus (and chlamydias)

ATP generating metabolism?

A

Bacteria: yes
Chlamydia:yes/no
Virus: no

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20
Q

Bacteria vs. Virus (and chlamydias)

Ribosomes?

A

Bacteria: yes
Chlamydia: yes
Virus: NO!

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21
Q

Bacteria vs. Virus (and chlamydias)

Sensitive to Antibiotics?

A

Bacteria: yes
Chlamydia: yes
Virus: no

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22
Q

Bacteria vs. Virus (and chlamydias)

Sensitive to Interferon (increased activity of proteosome)?

A

Bacteria: no
Chlamydia: no
Virus: YES

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23
Q

does the ability to use ATP mean something is livng/not living?

A

NO

its ribosome possession

24
Q

Minimum requirements of viruses (for the most part)

A
  • have genome (DNA or RNA)
  • be able to replicate genome inside cell
  • can transcribe and translate its genome
  • can assemble into infectious units (virions)
  • must be able to get out of the cell
25
Q

virion

A

extracellular unit of virus
infectious unit
replicative form of virus inside cell

26
Q

things LIFECYCLE require

A

cell

virion

27
Q

ways virus can get out of cell

A

budding/eggressing: doesn’t harm host cell

lytic: cell explodes

28
Q

parts of the virus

A
  • nucleic acid: DNA or RNA… these can be PAMPS if they’re different from normal host cells!
  • capsid
  • envelopes and spikes
29
Q

DNA types

A 
single stranded (+)
double stranded (+).....can be reverse transcribed
30
Q

RNA types

A 
Single stranded (+/-)... reverse transcribed
Double stranded
31
Q

“reverse transcribed” RNA

A

going from RNA to DNA to RNA

32
Q

“reverse transcribed” DNA

A

going from DNA to RNA to DNA

33
Q

+/- and ribosome ability to read mRNA

A

+ strand… can read mRNA directly

- strand… must make the complement (+ strand) so the ribosome can read the mRNA

34
Q

capsid

A

protein coat that covers viral genome IN the virion
protein(s) for attaching to/entering cell
subunit=capsomere
shapes: helical, polyhedral, complex

35
Q

capsomere

A

single subunit of capsid
made of proteins encoded with virus genome
may be one or more proteins

36
Q

Best shape

A

Icosahedron
20 sides
triangle
really strong and has space inside for genome

37
Q

Envelope

A

not all viruses are enveloped
envelope made of lipid, protein, carbohydrate
derived from HOST cell membranes
Purpose: protection from immune system bc it looks like self

38
Q

Spikes

A

proteins/carbohydrate complex on virion surface
viral proteins that protrude through the envelope
purpose: adhesion, attachment

39
Q

Lytic

A

causes bacteria to lyse so virus can get out

40
Q

egress

A

mature virions get out of cell without killing

like secretion system from first exam

41
Q

lysogenic

A

(pro)phage or provirus goes dormant and becomes part of the genome
not currently active

42
Q

Bacterial Phage vs Virus

A

totally genetically distinct from eukaryotic viruses
evolved separately
same 4 genome types
same capsid, shapes, ways of escaping host cell
lots of separate evolution to icosahedron shape… EFFIECINCY of replication

43
Q

escaping form Gram negative host bacteria cell

A

hard to get out because 2 membranes…
EGRESS… make a tube to escape
very similar to type 3 and 4 secretion/flagella

44
Q

What came first: Flagella or virus

A

a) flagella may have gotten a genome and escaped

b) bacteria cell may have captured a virus

45
Q

what is the evolutionary advantage of a bacteriophage

A

horizontal transfer of genetic material

since bacteria don’t sexually reproduce

46
Q

what drives viral evolution?

A

efficiency

ability to evade immune system

47
Q

Lambda phage

A

necked virion
virion=no metabolism inside
pin that IDs the right host and pokes a hole in the host
50,000 base pairs (thats a lot)

48
Q

How does the Lambda phage get the genetic info across the membrane without ATP?

A

SPRINGS
2 sets:
1) the sitting of the pin to poke the hole, nrg stored in sheets released
2) lack of water in capsid… water enters after poke and the DNA unwinds and enters cell

49
Q

How does lambda phage find E. coli host?

A

recognized LamB protein on host surface

molecular pattern recognition like our immune system does

50
Q

after sitting on host

A

sheath collapses, nrg release
rehydration of capsid with DNA
genome shoved into host cytosol

51
Q

after getting in

A

biosynthesis… transcription by RNA POLYMERASE in bacteria cytosol
copies of genome and proteins made

52
Q

while copies are being made

A

lambda phages self assemble

dont need ATP for assembly into cool shape

53
Q

after self assembly

A

lambda phage leaves

54
Q

the head protein of the lambda phage

A

requires ATP to dehydrate the capisd

dna get wound really tight in absence of water

55
Q

lytic vs. lysogenic phages of lambda phage

A

lytic: phage lyses host cell after it uses it
lysogenic: integration into host genome. prophage replicates…
prophage release if cell stress occurs

Micro Exam 4 (8 decks)

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