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Micro Exam 4 > Lecture 1: Viruses 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Viruses 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

hookworm

A

99% of time no symptoms
hook on and feed on blood
big b4 sanitation…pretty much EVERYONE had them
they can crawl 4 feet, so latrine are really deep
enter through skin of feet, leave in feces
CAN cause anemia… its rare

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2
Q

hookworm and allergies

A

ppl with hookworm have fewer allergies…
because they used to be a part of the normal flora?
mast cells mointor worms and allergies…
hookworms could probably regulate activity of mast cells to make them less reactive

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3
Q

hookworms in the south pre Civi war

A

the hookworms of the African slaves weree different since Africans and Europeans had been genetically isolated
so hookworms were genetically different
these hookworms caused sudden anemia in Southern US

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4
Q

size of viruses

A

sub-microscopic… cant see with microscope

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5
Q

virus

A

infect eukaryotes

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6
Q

bacteriophage

A

“viruses” that infect bacteria

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7
Q

adenovirus

A

cold

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8
Q

rhinovirus

A

cold

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9
Q

chlamydia elementary body

A

NOT a virus

but its very small and cant live by itself

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10
Q

prions

A

proteins that cause diseases
NO NUCLEIC ACIDS (no genetic material)
but still infectious

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11
Q

are viruses living?

A

NO

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12
Q

WHY are viruses not living?

A

because they DON’T have RIBOSOMES

this means they can’t complete the central dogma

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13
Q

REVIEW SLIDE 5!!

A

table about bacteria vs. viruses

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14
Q

Bacteria vs. Virus (and chlamydias)

INTRACELLULAR PARASITE?

A

Bact: NO
Chlamydia: YES
Virus: YES… MUST replicate inside cell

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15
Q

Bacteria vs. Virus (and chlamydias)

PLASMA MEMBRANE?

A

Bacteria: Yes
Chlamydia: Yes
Virus: NO… but some steal host membrane

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16
Q

Bacteria vs. Virus (and chlamydias)

BINARY FISSION?

A

Bacteria: Yes
Chlamydia: Yes
Virus: No

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17
Q

Bacteria vs. Virus (and chlamydias)

MOVE THROUGH BACTERIOLOGICAL FILTER?

A

Bacteria: No
Chlamydia: no/yes (EBs do)
Virus: No

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18
Q

Bacteria vs. Virus (and chlamydias)

Posses DNA AND RNA?

A

Bacteria: yes
Chlamydia: yes
Virus: NO! one or the other

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19
Q

Bacteria vs. Virus (and chlamydias)

ATP generating metabolism?

A

Bacteria: yes
Chlamydia:yes/no
Virus: no

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20
Q

Bacteria vs. Virus (and chlamydias)

Ribosomes?

A

Bacteria: yes
Chlamydia: yes
Virus: NO!

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21
Q

Bacteria vs. Virus (and chlamydias)

Sensitive to Antibiotics?

A

Bacteria: yes
Chlamydia: yes
Virus: no

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22
Q

Bacteria vs. Virus (and chlamydias)

Sensitive to Interferon (increased activity of proteosome)?

A

Bacteria: no
Chlamydia: no
Virus: YES

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23
Q

does the ability to use ATP mean something is livng/not living?

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A

NO

its ribosome possession

24
Q

Minimum requirements of viruses (for the most part)

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A
  • have genome (DNA or RNA)
  • be able to replicate genome inside cell
  • can transcribe and translate its genome
  • can assemble into infectious units (virions)
  • must be able to get out of the cell
25
virion
extracellular unit of virus infectious unit replicative form of virus inside cell
26
things LIFECYCLE require
cell | virion
27
ways virus can get out of cell
budding/eggressing: doesn't harm host cell | lytic: cell explodes
28
parts of the virus
- nucleic acid: DNA or RNA... these can be PAMPS if they're different from normal host cells! - capsid - envelopes and spikes
29
DNA types
``` single stranded (+) double stranded (+).....can be reverse transcribed ```
30
RNA types
``` Single stranded (+/-)... reverse transcribed Double stranded ```
31
"reverse transcribed" RNA
going from RNA to DNA to RNA
32
"reverse transcribed" DNA
going from DNA to RNA to DNA
33
+/- and ribosome ability to read mRNA
+ strand... can read mRNA directly | - strand... must make the complement (+ strand) so the ribosome can read the mRNA
34
capsid
protein coat that covers viral genome IN the virion protein(s) for attaching to/entering cell subunit=capsomere shapes: helical, polyhedral, complex
35
capsomere
single subunit of capsid made of proteins encoded with virus genome may be one or more proteins
36
Best shape
Icosahedron 20 sides triangle really strong and has space inside for genome
37
Envelope
not all viruses are enveloped envelope made of lipid, protein, carbohydrate derived from HOST cell membranes Purpose: protection from immune system bc it looks like self
38
Spikes
proteins/carbohydrate complex on virion surface viral proteins that protrude through the envelope purpose: adhesion, attachment
39
Lytic
causes bacteria to lyse so virus can get out
40
egress
mature virions get out of cell without killing | like secretion system from first exam
41
lysogenic
(pro)phage or provirus goes dormant and becomes part of the genome not currently active
42
Bacterial Phage vs Virus
totally genetically distinct from eukaryotic viruses evolved separately same 4 genome types same capsid, shapes, ways of escaping host cell lots of separate evolution to icosahedron shape... EFFIECINCY of replication
43
escaping form Gram negative host bacteria cell
hard to get out because 2 membranes... EGRESS... make a tube to escape very similar to type 3 and 4 secretion/flagella
44
What came first: Flagella or virus
a) flagella may have gotten a genome and escaped | b) bacteria cell may have captured a virus
45
what is the evolutionary advantage of a bacteriophage
horizontal transfer of genetic material | since bacteria don't sexually reproduce
46
what drives viral evolution?
efficiency | ability to evade immune system
47
Lambda phage
necked virion virion=no metabolism inside pin that IDs the right host and pokes a hole in the host 50,000 base pairs (thats a lot)
48
How does the Lambda phage get the genetic info across the membrane without ATP?
SPRINGS 2 sets: 1) the sitting of the pin to poke the hole, nrg stored in sheets released 2) lack of water in capsid... water enters after poke and the DNA unwinds and enters cell
49
How does lambda phage find E. coli host?
recognized LamB protein on host surface | molecular pattern recognition like our immune system does
50
after sitting on host
sheath collapses, nrg release rehydration of capsid with DNA genome shoved into host cytosol
51
after getting in
biosynthesis... transcription by RNA POLYMERASE in bacteria cytosol copies of genome and proteins made
52
while copies are being made
lambda phages self assemble | dont need ATP for assembly into cool shape
53
after self assembly
lambda phage leaves
54
the head protein of the lambda phage
requires ATP to dehydrate the capisd | dna get wound really tight in absence of water
55
lytic vs. lysogenic phages of lambda phage
lytic: phage lyses host cell after it uses it lysogenic: integration into host genome. prophage replicates... prophage release if cell stress occurs

Micro Exam 4 (8 decks)

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