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Micro Exam 4 > Lecture 2: Viruses II > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Viruses II Flashcards

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1
Q

Viruses to know

A

Herpes Viruses

Papillomavirus

Smallpox

HIV

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2
Q

Important thing about… Herpes Viruses

A

viral latency

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3
Q

Important thing about… Papillomavirus

A

viruses and cancer

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4
Q

Important thing about… Smallpox

A

vaccines that work

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5
Q

Important thing about… HIV

A

Vaccines that DON’T work

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6
Q

Important thing about… HIV

A

Vaccines that DON’T work

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7
Q

2 ways to classify eukaryotic viruses

A

Baltimore Scheme (1971)

LHT (Lwoff, Horne, and Tournier) system 1962

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8
Q

2 ways to classify eukaryotic viruses

A

Baltimore Scheme (1971)

LHT (Lwoff, Horne, and Tournier) system 1962

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9
Q

Baltimore Scheme

A

group viruses by how mRNA and genome are produced
(ssRNA, etc)

the path to messenger RNA

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10
Q

LHT System

A

categories based on nucelic acid (DNA or RNA)
capsid symmetry (helicle, icosaheral, complex)
presence of envelope
diameter of capsid
number of capsomere

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11
Q

LHT System

A

categories based on nucelic acid (DNA or RNA)
capsid symmetry (helicle, icosaheral, complex)
presence of envelope
diameter of capsid
number of capsomere

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12
Q

Baltimore system: 7 families

A 
ds DNA
ssDNA
ds RNA
(+) ss RNA
(-) ss RNA
ssRNA-RT
ds RNA-RT
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13
Q

ds DNA

A

adenoviruses
herpesviruses
poxviruses
papillomaviruses

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14
Q

ssDNA (sense strand)

A

Parvovirus

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15
Q

ds RNA

A

retrovirus

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16
Q

(+) ss RNA

A

Picconaviruses, togaviruses

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17
Q

(-) ss RNA

A

a copy will make mRNA

orthmyxoviruses, Rhabdoviruses

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18
Q

ss RNA-RT

A

Retroviruses

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19
Q

ds RNA-RT

A

Hepadnaviruses

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20
Q

RNA viruses…

A

Do NOT need to get into the nucleus of the host

Don’t need DNA polymerase from host

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21
Q

what is in host nucleus that virus may need

A

DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase

if the virus needs it, it will break in to get it
If it doesn’t encode its own DNA polymerases

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22
Q

what is in host nucleus that virus may need

A

DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase

if the virus needs it, it will break in to get it
If it doesn’t encode its own polymerases

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23
Q

What metabolism goes on in a virion…

A

NONE
nothing is going on inside the virion
they’re inert

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24
Q

problem with LHT

A

based on observation of virions…which are inert and have little to do with what the virus does in the cell

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25
problem with LHT
based on observation of virions...which are inert and have little to do with what the virus does in the cell
26
review graph on 9
review graph on 9
27
when do you get to the acute phase?
when the innate immune system didn't do its job right away
28
phenotypes of acute phase
cough sneeze sweat/fever
29
what is happening in the accute phase?
immune system being activated
30
which is the phase with no observable phenotype and very few virions outside cell?
ECLIPSE PHASE
31
eclipse phase
no symtoms and no virions seen because the virus is replicating inside the cell
32
eclipse phase
no symtoms and no virions seen because the virus is replicating inside the cell
33
review graph on 10
review graph on 10
34
persistent phase
spike of acute first viremia subsides low level of virions observable HIV
35
Latent virus
acute phase happens long period of time with no observable virions Herpes simplex
36
Latent virus
acute phase happens long period of time with no observable virions Herpes simplex
37
Alpha Herpesviruses
dsDNA enveloped egress
38
Alpha Herpesviruses Simplex I
cold sores infection of skin, and neurons
39
Alpha Herpesviruses Simplex II
genital herpes
40
other herpesviruses
chickenpox, shingles
41
Where/How herpes infects
epithelial and neural cells (PNS, NOT CNS) | hides in ganglia, traffics to surface, erupts when it infects epithelial cells
42
what causes herpes sores?
immune response to virus
43
stress and herpes
stress induces disease you become immunocompromised when stressed, when immune system comes back on after stress, it recognizes the virus and does its job
44
herpes simplex and immune evasion
- infects immunologically privileged cells (neurons--because we dont send the immune system to nerves much so we dont kill them) - affects antigen presentation... reduces MHC1 on surface - the infection can persist without virion production (virus turns off all genes when it is just sitting there...until stress happens and immune response weakens)
45
herpes simplex and immune evasion
- infects immunologically privileged cells (neurons--because we dont send the immune system to nerves much so we dont kill them) - affects antigen presentation... reduces MHC1 on surface - the infection can persist without virion production (virus turns off all genes when it is just sitting there...until stress happens and immune response weakens)
46
Human Papillomavirus
dsDNA non enveloped causes warts, cancer
47
HPV vaccines
Gaurdasil: cervical cancer vaccine, 11-26 year olds (all now, new, better vaccine)
48
HPV causing cancer
two families of it cause 70% of cervical cancers | 490,000 new cases of cervical cancer a year, 270,000 deaths... but its a preventable cancer
49
HPV and sex
over 100 genotypes | most common STI, affects 50% of sexually active people in US
50
HPV infection, transmission, and function
infects EPITHELIAL cells transmitted via contact, even shaking hands can cause warts (not cancer) TRANSFORMING VIRUS
51
HPV as a TRANSFORMING VIRUS
changes the host cell | can change it to a cancer cell
52
types of HPV
over 150 identified | only like 15 cause cancer... all are mucousal
53
review slide 16 for breakdown of HPV infections
16
54
review slide 16 for breakdown of HPV infections
16
55
what is cancer
abnormal cell growth
56
what causes cancer
mutations
57
what immune response usually deals with cancer
NK cells | kill cancerous cells
58
Cancer and Cell cycle
when DNA damage checkpoints aren't working right, growth can get out of control
59
how a healthy cell becomes cancerous
many different mutations occur over time initially, mutations happen in checkpoints--which allows other mutations to occur
60
how a healthy cell becomes cancerous
many different mutations occur over time initially, mutations happen in checkpoints--which allows other mutations to occur
61
late mutations (after mutation at cell cycle check point)
immune evasion insensitivity to apoptosis (it won't die) acquisition of own vascular system ability to colonize other organs ability to survive hypoxic (low oxygen) conditions
62
late mutations (after mutation at cell cycle check point)
immune evasion insensitivity to apoptosis (it won't die) acquisition of own vascular system ability to colonize other organs ability to survive hypoxic (low oxygen) conditions
63
Oncogenes
any genes with potential to convert normal cell to cancerous cell
64
Proto-oncogene
cellular gene that can promote cancer if mutated
65
Viral-oncogene
virally encoded oncogene | HPV has 2 of these.... these strains affect E6 and E7 in early stage---messing up checkpoints
66
Papillomaviruses
``` non enveloped dsDNA ancient family... 350 million years old infect ALL mammals, some birds, reptiles VERY HOST SPECIFIC ```
67
Papillomaviruses
``` non enveloped dsDNA ancient family... 350 million years old infect ALL mammals, some birds, reptiles VERY HOST SPECIFIC ```
68
How Papillomaviruses work
increase action of E6 and E7 genes... these inhibit checkpoint proteins PRB and p53 cells go through checkpoint without stopping E=early genes, L=late genes
69
why does the virus want to skip the checkpoint?
virus needs replicating cells so it can replicate | needs to go through cell division so virus can get access to nucleus
70
what else does the virus do? (HPV)
turns telomere on immortalization of a cell cell then replicates uncontrollably and can live forever
71
what else does the virus do? (HPV)
turns telomere on immortalization of a cell... usually only undergoes replication 180 times cell then replicates uncontrollably and can live forever
72
HPV life cycle
1) virus enters through breakage of skin from sex... doesn't infect surface cells since they aren't replicating, has to go to cells at bottom cells at bottom don't produce virions, cells at top do... virions released into mucous no immune cells in mucous, but thats where they need to be... a little immune evasion
73
effects of HPV genes E6 and E7 blocking checkpoint protiens
promoting faster growth | allowing more mutations indirectly
74
HPV-induced Cervical Cancer is a slow process
it becomes a pro-virus: integrated into chromosome replicates on chromosome virus makes no virions when in chromosome... the virus is not being shed BUT E6 and E7 go through the room, shut off all the checkpoints
75
HPV-induced Cervical Cancer is a slow process
it becomes a pro-virus: integrated into chromosome replicates on chromosome virus makes no virions when in chromosome... the virus is not being shed BUT E6 and E7 go through the room, shut off all the checkpoints
76
Henrietta Lacks and HeLa cells
died of cervical cancer complications in 1952 her cells were first tissue culture cells first human cells in space polio vaccine developed on her cells still used in tons of laboratories today

Micro Exam 4 (8 decks)

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