Lecture 6: Whakapapa

Question 1

What is the difference between “Māori” and “māori”?

Answer 1

“Māori” (capital M) refers to the Indigenous people of Aotearoa; “māori” means ordinary or normal.

Question 2

Who are tangata whenua?

Answer 2

People of the land; Indigenous to a particular area.

Question 3

What does mana whenua mean?

Answer 3

Tribal groups with territorial authority in a specific area; a subset of tangata whenua

Used to refer to both the group of people and also the authority that they hold

Question 4

What does iwi taketake mean?

Answer 4

Indigenous peoples (excluding Māori).

Question 5

What is the origin of the word Pākehā?

Answer 5

Comes from the word pakepakeha

Question 6

What does Pākehā mean?

Answer 6

mythical beings - beings with fair skin resembling people

Question 7

What is a pepeha?

Answer 7

A formal introduction that acknowledges one’s whakapapa and connections to land and ancestors.

Question 8

What does pepeha help establish?

Answer 8

Identity, connection to ancestry, and place.

Question 9

What markers are commonly included in a pepeha?

Answer 9

Maunga (mountain), awa (river), waka (canoe), iwi, hapū, tupuna.

Question 10

What does the waka in a pepeha represent?

Answer 10

Ancestral migrations from Hawaiki; beginnings of whakapapa in Aotearoa.

Question 11

What was the societal significance of waka?

Answer 11

Multiple waka settled different parts of Aotearoa; origin stories and societal links begin here.

Question 12

The waka is the first level of…

Answer 12

Societal membership and identification

Represents the arrival of our whakapapa

Question 13

What are the 4 different levels of leadership on a waka?

Answer 13

Tohunga, Rangatira, Kaihautū, Kaiurungi

Question 14

What is the role of the tohunga on a waka?

Answer 14

well-versed in the knowledge of navigation and seafaring

Question 15

What is the role of the Rangitira on a waka?

Answer 15

Captain - responsible for the wellbeing of people

Question 16

What is the role of the Kaihautū on a waka?

Answer 16

gives the time for the paddlers on a waka (pacesetter)

Question 17

What is the role of the Kaiurungi on a waka?

Answer 17

Steers the waka

Question 18

What does iwi translate to?

Answer 18

both “tribe” and “bones,” symbolizing a collective community

Question 19

What is an iwi?

Answer 19

a large kinship group made up of hapū

Question 20

What is the function of iwi in traditional society?

Answer 20

An imagined community, loosely confederated hapū

Question 21

Who is the leader of an iwi?

Answer 21

Ariki (high chiefs)

Question 22

What are iwis often named for?

Answer 22

an eponymous ancestor, or an event (Ngāpuhi)

Question 23

What does hapu translate to?

Answer 23

sub-tribe, to be pregnant

Question 24

What is a hapu?

Answer 24

a medium-sized kinship group made up of several whānau

Subgroups within iwi

Question 25

What is the significance of hapu?

Answer 25

the site of all political decisions - primary political and social unit ## Footnote “The political powerhouse of traditional Māori society”

Question 26

Who are hapu led by?

Answer 26

Rangatira

Question 27

Why would hapū split or change?

Answer 27

Due to conflict, size, or overcrowding

Question 28

Who signed He Whakaputanga (1835) & Te Tiriti o Waitangi (1840)?

Answer 28

Leaders of Hapu

Question 29

What does whanau translate to?

Answer 29

family, to be born

Question 30

What are whanau?

Answer 30

the basic functional unit of Māori society, often intergenerational

Question 31

What does it mean that whanau are multi-generational?

Answer 31

They extend across direct descent lines

Question 32

Who are the leaders of whanau?

Answer 32

Kaumātua

Question 33

Define tamariki and tamaiti.

Answer 33

Tamariki = children, Tamaiti = child.

Question 34

What is the difference between tuakana and teina?

Answer 34

Tuakana = older sibling Teina = younger sibling

Question 35

What are tuahine and tungāne?

Answer 35

Tuahine = sister/cousin to a male Tungāne = brother/cousin to a female

Question 36

Who are koroua and kuia?

Answer 36

Koroua = grandfather Kuia = grandmother ## Footnote Can also use Karani pāpā and Karani māmā

Question 37

Define moko

Answer 37

grandchild/ren

Question 38

Define Tūpuna

Answer 38

Ancestors

Question 39

Define Kaumātua

Answer 39

to grow old, grow up

Question 40

What is the difference betwen Mātāmua and Pōtiki?

Answer 40

Mātāmua = first, elder Pōtiki = youngest child

Question 41

Define Matua

Answer 41

father/uncle ## Footnote Can also mean parents, male gender, husband

Question 42

Define Whaea

Answer 42

Mother/aunt

Question 43

What are the four levels of Māori social organisation (smallest to largest)?

Answer 43

Whānau → Hapū → Iwi → Waka

Question 44

What is the connection between mana and manaaki in leadership?

Answer 44

Leaders hold prestige (mana) and care for others (manaaki)

Question 45

Define Whanai

Answer 45

to feed, a practice to provide alternative arrangements of care, within whakapapa

Question 46

What is the practice of Whangai?

Answer 46

A customary practice of raising a child within the extended family, maintaining whakapapa ties.

Question 47

How is whāngai different from adoption?

Answer 47

It is open and transparent about whakapapa and identity

Question 48

What is a common reason for whāngai?

Answer 48

Eldest grandchild raised by grandparents, orphaned children, supporting couples who can’t conceive

Question 49

How does the pūrākau of Māui relate to whāngai?

Answer 49

Māui was raised by his grandfather after being cast away, gaining knowledge of his whakapapa.