Lecture 7

Question 1

causes of death australia

Answer 1

changed over time due to antibiotics and vaccines. Major increase in CVD deaths peaking in 1960 before dropping since then

Question 2

farmingham’s heart study

Answer 2

study in the 40s where a group >5000 people were selected for reexamination over a period of years until a sizeable amount of the group had CVD. Goal was to identify preventable/modifiable predisposing factors of CVD. 3 generational study.

Question 3

Obesity in men vs women

Answer 3

men more likely

Question 4

insulin

Answer 4

insulin and IGFH1 inhibit FOXO (insulin signalling increases aging)

Question 5

IGF1 in dogs

Answer 5

dogs have a wide range of morphologies. IGF1 controls muscle growth and body size. In small dogs, certain IGF1 allele changes transcription if IGF1 protein hormone. More IGF1 = larger size= decrease in FOXO activity = shorter lifespan

Question 6

Inhibition of FOXO

Answer 6

AKT phosphorylation controls whether the protein is in the nucleus where DNA containing transcription factors is vs whether it is in the cytosol. When FOXO is not phosphorylated, it is in the nucleus, stimulating gene transcription (longevity genes), but, once insulin signalling pathway is triggered, AKT is triggered which phosphorylates FOXO at several sites causing FOXO to diffuse into the cytosol, preventing longevity gene transcription.

Question 6

mTOR

Answer 6

proteins from diet. Rapamycin inhibits mTOR signalling increasing lifespan.

Question 6

Calorie restriction

Answer 6

increase lifespan

Question 7

ad libitum

Answer 7

constant access to food.