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BMS101 > Lecture 7 and 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 and 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of hyaline cartilage

A

Provides some cushioning and minimising friction between where the bone ends

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2
Q

Function of fibrocartilage

A

Acts as a shock absorber and contribute to the durability found in intervertebral discs.

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3
Q

Function of elastic cartilage

A

Provides suppourt with moderate elasticity to parts of the body such as the ears

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4
Q

Where is hyaline cartialge found

A

. Found in fetal skeleton

. At ends of bones that articulate with each other

. Trachea, larynx and nose

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5
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found

A

intervertebral disc
pubic symphysis
menisci of the knee

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6
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found

A

epiglottis

external ear

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7
Q

What are the functions of bone

A

Support and protection
Movement
Hemopoiesis
Storage of mineral and energy reserves

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8
Q

Describe long bones

A

Greater length than width

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9
Q

Describe short bones

A

Nearly equal length and width

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10
Q

Describe flat bones

A

Thin surfaces

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11
Q

Describe irregular bones

A

Complex shapes

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12
Q

Describe the structure of long bone

A

Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Metaphysis

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13
Q

Describe diaphysis

A

Elongated, cylindrical shaft

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14
Q

Describe epiphysis

A
  • Knobby, enlarged regions at each end
  • Strengthens joints
  • Attachment site for tendons and ligaments
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15
Q

Describe metaphysis

A
  • Region between diaphysis and epiphysis

* Contains epiphyseal (growth) plate

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16
Q

Describe articular cartilage

A

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis

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17
Q

Function of articular cartilage

A

• Reduces friction and absorbs shock in moveable joints

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18
Q

Describe Medullary cavity

A
  • Hollow, cylindrical space in diaphysis

* In adults, it contains yellow bone marrow

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19
Q

Describe endosteum

A

. Covers most internal surfaces of bones

• Contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts

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20
Q

Describe periosteum

A

• Covers external surfaces of bones (except articular cartilage)

Anchored by perforating fibres embedded in the bone matrix

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21
Q

Name the 4 bone cell types

A

Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

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22
Q

Describe Osteoprogenitor cells

A

stem cells derived from embryonic tissue (mesenchyme) found in endosteum and periosteum; can produce more stem cells or osteoblasts

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23
Q

Describe Osteoblasts

A

secrete bone matrix (osteoid); cuboidal in shape; once trapped in the matrix it becomes osteocytes - builds bone

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24
Q

Describe Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells that reside within lacunae; maintain matrix and detect mechanical stress on a bone

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25
Describe Osteoclasts
Large, multinuclear cells, derived from bone marrow cells; dissolves bone matrix - removes bone & releases calcium
26
Describe compact bone
. dense or cortical bone • Solid and relatively dense • External surfaces of long and flat bones
27
Describe spongy bone
cancellous or trabecular bone • Open lattice of narrow plates called trabeculae (beams) • Internal surface of bones • Porous
28
Describe endochondral ossification
• The foetal hyaline cartilage model develops Cartilage calcifies, and a periosteal bone collar forms The primary ossification centre forms in the diaphysis Secondary ossification centre form in the epiphyses Bone replaces cartilage, except the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines
29
Describe intramembranous ossification
Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts and group into ossification centers Osteoblasts become entrapped by the osteoid they secrete, transforming them to osteocytes Trabecular bone and periosteum form Cortical bone forms superficially to the trabecular bone Blood vessels form the red marrow
30
Where does endochondral ossification occur
Carpal and Tarsal bones
31
Where does intramembranous ossification occur
Bones of the skull
32
What are the functions of the skeleton
``` . Supporting your body and helping you move . Protecting your internal organs . Producing your blood cells . Storing and releasing fat . Storing and releasing minerals ```
33
What are the subdivisions of the skeleton
Axial skeleton | Appendicular skeleton
34
What is the axial skeleton made up of
Skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
35
What is the appendicular skeleton made up of
Shoulder and hip bones and those of the upper and lower extremities
36
Describe cranial bones
8 bones that form the cranium and have direct contact with the brain
37
Describe facial bones
Includes 13 bones that form the face and have no brain contact
38
List the cranial bones
unpaired ethmoid, frontal, occipital, and sphenoid bones paired parietal and temporal bones
39
List the facial bones
paired maxillae, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, palatine bones, inferior nasal conchae unpaired vomer
40
What is the vertebral column made up of
``` Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx ```
41
Describe cervical vertebrae how many bones
7 | Seven bones that form the neck
42
Describe Thoracic vertebrae how many bones
12 | Twelve bones that form the superior regions of the back
43
Describe Lumbar vertebrae how many bones
5 | Five bones that form the inferior concave region of the back
44
Describe Sacrum | how many bones
5 fused | Five fused vertebrae
45
Describe Coccyx | how many bones
3-5 fused | Four fused vertebrae
46
Describe pectoral girdle
Articulates with the trunk and | supports the upper limbs
47
What does the pectoral girdle consist of
Clavicle | Scapula
48
Describe pelvic girdle
articulates with the sacrum and | supports the lower limbs
49
What does the pelvic girdle consist of
os coxae (hip bones)
50
Describe os coxae
Fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis between 13 and 15 years of age
51
What are the articulations of the os coxae
* Anteriorly with other os coxae * Posteriorly with the sacrum * Laterally with femur at acetabulum * All three bones of os coxa contribute to its acetabulum
52
What does the pelvic limbs consist of
``` illium pubis ischium femur tibia fibula tarsal bones metatarsal bones phalanges ```
53
Compare and contrast female and male pelvis
• Female ilia laterally flared = wider pelvis • Female pelvic inlet = wide oval; male’s = heart-shaped • Female subpubic angle is wider: Greater than 100º compared to less than 90º in male
54
Features of scapula
Broad, flat triangle | Glenoid cavity articulates with head of humerus
55
Features of illium
Superior portion of os coxa and acetabulum Iliac fossa Iliac crest Greater sciatic notch • Auricular surface
56
Describe illiac fossa
Large depression on | medial surface
57
Describe illiac crest
Superior ridge
58
Describe greater sciatic notch
For sciatic | nerve entering lower limb
59
Describe auricular surface
Medial | articulation with sacrum
60
Features of pubis
Subpubic angle • Obturator foramen: Large hole Anterior region of os coxae
61
What are the protective cavities within the skeleton
``` Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity Thoracic cavity Pelvic Cavity Abdominal cavity ```

BMS101 (8 decks)

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