Lecture 8

Question 1

What is an articulation or joint

Answer 1

It is the place where a bone meets
another bone, cartilage, or teeth

Question 2

Describe articulations

Answer 2

Articulations vary in stability and mobility, and are classified
into categories based on these qualities

Question 3

What are the 3 different classifications by structure

Answer 3

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Question 4

What are the 3 different classifications by function

Answer 4

Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

Question 5

Definition of fibrous joint

Answer 5

Bones held together by dense regular connective tissue

Question 6

Definition of cartilaginous joint

Answer 6

Bones joined by cartilage

Question 7

Definition of synovial joint

Answer 7

Bones separated by fluid-filled cavity

Freely mobile diarthrosis

Question 8

Describe synarthrosis joint

Answer 8

Immobile joint

Question 9

Describe amphiarthrosis joint

Answer 9

Slightly mobile joint

Question 10

Describe diarthrosis joint

Answer 10

Freely moveable joint

Question 11

What are the 3 specific types of fibrous joint

Answer 11

Gomphoses
Sutures
Syndesmoses

Question 12

Describe gomphoses joint(teeth)

Answer 12

Joints between teeth, maxilla and mandible; synarthrosis

Question 13

Describe sutures joint

Answer 13

Joints between skull bones; synarthrosis

Question 14

Describe syndesmoses joint

Answer 14

Joints between parallel bones in the forearm and leg; amphiarthroses;

Question 15

What are the 2 specific types of cartilaginous joint

Answer 15

Synchondroses

Symphyses

Question 16

Describe Synchondrosis joint

Answer 16

Bones joined by
hyaline cartilage ; synarthrosis

Question 17

Describe Symphysis joint

Answer 17

Bones joined by pad
of fibrocartilage; amphiarthrosis

Question 18

What is the general anatomy of synovial joints

Answer 18

. Articular capsule
• Joint cavity
• Synovial fluid
• Articular cartilage
• Ligaments
• Nerves and blood vessels

Question 19

What are the 2 layers of the articular capsule

Answer 19

Outer fibrous layer

Inner synovial membrane

Question 20

Describe outer fibrous layer

Answer 20

made of dense
regular connective tissue; that strengths joint

Question 21

Describe inner synovial membrane

Answer 21

Secretes synovial fluid

Question 22

Describe articular cartilage

Answer 22

Articular surfaces in synovial joints that are
covered by hyaline cartilage

Question 23

Function of articular cartilage

Answer 23

Reduces friction and acts as shock
absorber

Question 24

Describe joint cavity

Answer 24

. Space between articulating bones

• Contains small amount of synovial fluid

Question 25

Function of joint cavity

Answer 25

* Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilages * Nourishes chondrocytes of articular cartilage • Absorbs shock during compression of the joint

Question 26

Describe ligaments

Answer 26

: Connect bone to bone; dense regular connective tissue

Question 27

Function of ligaments

Answer 27

Strengthen and reinforce capsule

Question 28

Function of sensory nerves

Answer 28

Detect pain and amount of stretch in a joint

Question 29

Function of blood vessels

Answer 29

Nourish tissues in the joint

Question 30

Describe bursae/function

Answer 30

Sacs outside most synovial joints, contain synovial fluid

Question 31

Describe tendon sheaths/function

Answer 31

``` :Elongated bursae around tendons, particularly in confined areas (wrist and ankle) where tendons rub each other ```

Question 32

Describe fat pads/function

Answer 32

Packing material; also provide some protection

Question 33

Function of accessory structures that surround the joint

Answer 33

``` function in reducing friction and filling spaces ```

Question 34

What are the 3 different types of synovial joints

Answer 34

Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial

Question 35

Describe uniaxial

Answer 35

Joint moves in one plane or axis

Question 36

Describe biaxial

Answer 36

Joint moves in two planes or axes

Question 37

Describe multiaxial

Answer 37

Joint moves in three planes or axes

Question 38

What are the 6 different classes of synovial joint

Answer 38

. Plane joints • Hinge joints • Pivot joints • Condylar joints • Saddle joints • Ball-and-socket joints

Question 39

What are the 4 types of motion of synovial joints

Answer 39

* Gliding motion * Angular motion * Rotational motion * Special movements

Question 40

Describe gliding motion

Answer 40

Articular surfaces sliding back-and-forth or side-to-side * Angle between bones does not change * Occurs mainly in plane joints

Question 41

Example of gliding motion from a synovial joint

Answer 41

Carpals

Question 42

Describe angular motion

Answer 42

Increases or decreases the angle between bones

Question 43

Name the movements of angular motion

Answer 43

• Flexion • Extension • Hyperextension • Lateral flexion • Abduction • Adduction • Circumduction (combination of flexion, extension, abduction AND adduction)

Question 44

Describe flexion

Answer 44

the angle between articulating bones decreases

Question 45

Describe extension

Answer 45

the angle between articulating bones increases

Question 46

Describe hypertension

Answer 46

Extension movement continues past the anatomic position

Question 47

Describe lateral flexion

Answer 47

the vertebral column moves in a lateral direction along a coronal plane

Question 48

Describe abduction

Answer 48

movement of a bone away from the midline

Question 49

Describe adduction

Answer 49

movement of a bone toward the midline

Question 50

Describe circumduction

Answer 50

a continuous movement that combines flexion, abduction, extension and adduction in a circular motion

Question 51

Describe rotational motion

Answer 51

A bone turns on its longitudinal axis

Question 52

Examples of roation motion

Answer 52

liming turning to and from medial plane

Question 53

What are the movements of rotational motion

Answer 53

Lateral rotation Medial rotation Pronation Supination

Question 54

Describe pronation

Answer 54

Rotation of the forearm where the palm is turned posteriorly

Question 55

Describe supination

Answer 55

Rotation of the forearm in which the palm is turned anteriorly

Question 56

Describe special movements

Answer 56

Occur only at specific joints

Question 57

What are the movements of the special movements

Answer 57

Depression Elevation Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion Inversion Eversion Protraction Retraction Opposition

Question 58

Describe depression

Answer 58

Movement of a body part inferiorly

Question 59

Describe elevation

Answer 59

Movement of a body part superiorly

Question 60

Describe dorsiflexion

Answer 60

Ankle joint movement where the dorsum(superior) of the foot is brought closer to the anterior surface of the leg

Question 61

Describe plantar flexion

Answer 61

Ankle joint movement whereby the sole of the foot is brought toward the posterior surface of the leg

Question 62

Describe protraction

Answer 62

Anterior movement of a body part from anatomic position

Question 63

Describe retraction

Answer 63

Posterior movement of a body part from anatomic position

Question 64

Describe opposition

Answer 64

Special movement of the thumb across the palm toward the fingers to permit grasping and holding of an object

Question 65

Describe inversion

Answer 65

twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole medially or inward

Question 66

Describe eversion

Answer 66

twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole laterally or outward

Question 67

Further description of gomphosis joint

Answer 67

Cone-shaped pegs that insert into a socket like process

Question 68

Further description of suture joint

Answer 68

Have distinct interlocking edges

Question 69

Further description of Syndesmosis joint

Answer 69

Large surface of bones that are anchored together by an interosseous membrane

Question 70

Question 71

Question 72

Question 73

Question 74