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Psychopharmacology > Lecture 8: Pharmacology of Drugs of Abuse > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Pharmacology of Drugs of Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

3 ways drugs are classified into schedules

A
  1. medical use
  2. abuse potential
  3. likelihood of dependence when abused
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2
Q

Requirements for schedule I

A
  1. no accepted medical use
  2. lack of accepted safety under medical supervision
  3. high potential for abuse
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3
Q

requirements for schedule II

A

substances with high potential for abuse, which may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence

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4
Q

requirements for schedule III

A

less potential for abuse and may have moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence. includes codeine, ketamine, suboxone

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5
Q

requirements for schedule IV

A

low potential for abuse e.g. xanax

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6
Q

requirements for schedule V

A

low potential for abuse and primarily containing limited quantities of certain opiates

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7
Q

estimated cost of drug use to society in lost productivity, health care expense, and crime-related and other costs exceeds ___

A

half a trillion dollars annually

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8
Q

drug use is highest among people in their ___

A

late teens and twenties

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9
Q

drug use is ___ among people in their fifties

A

increasing

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10
Q

abuse of prescription stimulants is ____

A

increasing

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11
Q

nosology

A

classification of diseases

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12
Q

differences in DSM5 SUD

A

diagnose people by looking at continuum of severity, + dual diagnosis

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13
Q

who discovered the reward circuit in the brain?

A

olds and milner in 1950s

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14
Q

rats preferred ___ to ____

A

intracranial self stimulation (ICSS) to other natural reinforcements

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15
Q

drugs hijack normal mechanisms underlying ___

A

reinforcement learning

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16
Q

5 areas drug abuse acts on

A
  1. VTA
  2. nucleus accumbens
  3. hippocampus
  4. amygdala
  5. prefrontal cortex
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17
Q

what do VTA and NA mediate?

A

acute pleasurable sensation

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18
Q

hippocampus and amygdala are responsible for ___

A

memories of pleasure

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19
Q

PFC impairments mediate ___

A

long term changes involved in loss of control, relapse

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20
Q

pathway of drug reinforcement (starts with, +4)

A

VTA

  1. amygdala
  2. nucleus accumbens
  3. PFC
  4. ACC
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21
Q

Nora Volkow discovered ___

A

significant relationship between intensity and duration of rush with cocaine and degree to which drug blocks dopamine reuptake

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22
Q

DA release is related to the size of a ____, which controls ____

A
  1. prediction error

2. error-driven learning

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23
Q

error can be conceived either as the difference between ___ or difference between ____

A
  1. correct and actual response

2. predicted and actual outcome

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24
Q

DA release is relatd to the error term in ___

A

temporal-difference learning

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25
Q

when something good happens that is unexpected, ___

A

more dopamine is released than if the good thing was expected

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26
Q

4 variables making someone prone to addiction

A
  1. stress
  2. genetic background
  3. environment
  4. social context
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27
Q

___ is profoundly altered by chronic drug abuse. how?

A

frontal lobe; lower metabolic rate in frontal lobe

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28
Q

____ occurs after long term drug abuse

A

cortical hypofrontality; decreased cerebral blood

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29
Q

fewer dopamine receptors appear in ____

A

NAc; homeostatic down regulation

30
Q

frontal lobes become ___ to drug-related stimuli

A

sensitized

31
Q

over time, ____ produce a greater response in reward pathway than rewarding stimuli themselves

A

stimuli that predict drugs

32
Q

9 structures involved in addiction

A
  1. frontal cortex
  2. prefrontal cortex
  3. parietal cortex
  4. OFC
  5. VTA
  6. basal ganglia
  7. nucleus accumbens
  8. amygdala
  9. hippocampus
33
Q

3 major conditions that trigger relapse

A
  1. reexperience with drug
  2. conditioned drug cues
  3. stress
34
Q

6 structures involved in glutamatergic addiction

A
  1. medial prefrontal cortex
  2. OFC
  3. anterior cingulate cortex
  4. thalamus
  5. hippocampus
  6. amygdala
35
Q

main role of glutamate in addiction

A

release glu into NAc and VTA; craving mediated as increased glu activity within reward circuit

36
Q

____ protein accumulates in ___ after chronic use of drugs

A

delta FosB

NAc

37
Q

several drugs of abuse also reduce ____

A

neurogenesis

38
Q

what parts are involved in signaling significance or desirability of stimulus in motivational circuits? (2)

A
  1. NAc

2. amygdala

39
Q

what part provides incentive for obtaining reward in conditioning/learning pathways?

A

hippocampus

40
Q

what part strengthens behaviors that obtain reward and weaken inhibitory processes?

A

frontal lobe

41
Q

how high is the heritability of addiction?

A

0.3-0.7

42
Q

chromatin (2 components)

A

histones and DNA

43
Q

histones

A

spools of protein around which strands of DNA are wound; thin tail extends

44
Q

charge of histones and effect

A

positive; helps attract negatively charged DNA

45
Q

nucleosome

A

eight histones plus 166 base pairs of DNA

46
Q

DNA methylation

A

adds methyl group to DNA; alters expression of genes by activating or repressing

47
Q

epigenetic factors; where they bind and what they effect

A

biochemical molecules that bind to histone tails; affect how tightly DNA molecule is wound around histones

48
Q

DNA that is loosely bound is ___, DNA tightly wound is ____

A

easily activated

not easily activated

49
Q

5 biochemical mechanisms of epigenetic process

A
  1. methylation
  2. acetylation
  3. phosphorylation
  4. ubiquitination
  5. sumoylation
50
Q

when histones are tightly compacted, genes on DNA are ___

A

hidden within nucleosome and not easily exposed

51
Q

to turn genes on and off, the structure of ___ has to be altered

A

chromatin

52
Q

DNA methylation ___, whereas demethylation ___

A
  1. silences genes

2. opposite effect

53
Q

histone acetylation ___, whereas histone deacetylation ____

A

enhances gene transcription

opposite effect

54
Q

enzyme involved in methylation

A

DNA methyltransferase, DNMT

55
Q

enzyme involved in demethylation

A

DNA demethylase

56
Q

enzyme involved in histone acetylation

A

histone acetyltransferase, HAT

57
Q

DNA methylation can lead to ___

A

histone deacetylation

58
Q

drugs of abuse cause changes in ___

A

histone acetylation

59
Q

expression of ___ is under epigenetic control

A

expression of delta FosB; makes it more responsive on subsequent reexposure to drug

60
Q

3 methods of pharmacotherapy for SUD

A
  1. agonist substitution
  2. partial agonist substitution
  3. antagonists
61
Q

opioid addiction agonist

A

methadone

62
Q

nicotine addiction agonist

A

nicotine lozenges, gum, patches

63
Q

alcohol addiction agonist

A

antabuse (disulfiram); acetaldehyde buildup

64
Q

partial agonist for opioids

A

buprenorphine

65
Q

partial agonist for nicotine

A

varenicline

66
Q

3 opiate antagonists

A
  1. naloxone
  2. naltrexone
  3. nalmefene
67
Q

GABA-__ agonists, like ___, can reduce reinforcing effects of drugs

A

B; baclofen; anticonvulsants

68
Q

there are ___ on GABA neurons in VTA, and their activation ___. what can have similar effect?

A

mu opioid receptors; disinhibits DA neurons

CB1 receptors

69
Q

kappa receptor stimulation ___ and can result in ___

A

reduces activity in NAc; leads to dysphoria

70
Q

what makes naltrexone effective?

A

blocks actions of endorphins released by alcohol and mediate pleasure; very high affinity antagonist of mu opioid receptor

71
Q

how can vaccines help with relapse prevention?

A
  1. stimulate production of drug specific antibodies

antibodies bind to drug molecules and keep them from crossing BBB

Psychopharmacology (22 decks)

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