Lecture-Chapter 1 Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

the study of structure or form or how things are built

Question 2

Physiology Overview

Answer 2

the study of the function of body parts or how things work and what they do

Question 3

Gross Anatomy

Answer 3

working on structures visible to naked eye, can use hands, tools (ex. dissection)

Question 4

Microscopic Anatomy

Answer 4

using microscope

2 fields: cytology (study of cells); histology (study of tissues)

Question 5

Surface Anatomy

Answer 5

used in hospital or healthcare settings
surface features (covered in skin)
palpate to find location

Question 6

Embryology

Answer 6

study of structural changes of conceptus to birth

Question 7

Disciplines of Anatomy

Answer 7

Gross, microscopic, surface, embryology

Question 8

Physiology (specific)

Answer 8

focus is mainly on function at molecular and cellular levels of various organ systems

Question 9

Renal physiology

Answer 9

kidney function

Question 10

Neurophysiology

Answer 10

nervous system function

Question 11

Cardiovascular physiology

Answer 11

heart, blood vessels, and blood function

Question 12

Complementarity of structure and function

Answer 12

If you can figure our how it was built you can start to figure out function.
Anatomy complements physiology and vice versa
Ex: Bones-take them away and you start to see what their function is-structure, support, function, mineral reservoir

Question 13

Interdependence among cells

Answer 13

cells/organs/organ systems can specialize
Heart is a transport system, but won’t work well if cardiovascular system isn’t working
Multicellular organisms whose cells perform different functions to help each other out, but this creates a dependency

Question 14

Body’s Levels of organization

Answer 14

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism

Question 15

Chemical

Answer 15

atoms form to combine molecules and macromolecules

most basic or simplest level

Question 16

Cellular

Answer 16

Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
Molecules combine to form this unit.
Cell is the first that’s alive

Question 17

Tissue

Answer 17

groups of similar cells that perform common functions

Epithial, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue

Question 18

Types of tissue

Answer 18

Epithial, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue

Question 19

Organ

Answer 19

A group of 2 or more tissues forming a specific structure.

Performs a specific function (ex. heart = cardiac cells & connective tissues)

Question 20

System

Answer 20

2 or more organs working toward a common goal
Cardiovascular system (pump & plumbing)

Question 21

Organism

Answer 21

One complete being

Most complex

Question 22

Characteristics of Living Things

Answer 22

Necessary life functions, survival needs

Question 23

Necessary Life functions

Answer 23

maintain boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

Question 24

Maintain boundaries

Answer 24

Keep internal environment separate from external environment.
Insides in and outsides out
Skin/integumentary system - for body
cell/cell membrane - cellular level

Question 25

Movement

Answer 25

All activities caused by muscles (skeletal, cardiac, smooth??)

Question 26

Responsiveness

Answer 26

sensing changes in environment | ex: nervous system - excitable

Question 27

Digestion

Answer 27

breaking down food into molecules that cells use | digestive system

Question 28

Metabolism

Answer 28

the sum of ALL chemical reactions of the body (grossly & chemically) Break down Build larger

Question 29

Metabolism break down

Answer 29

take it in & break it down to cellular level break larger molecules to smaller ones high metabolism starch - sugar (glucose) -catabolic process

Question 30

Catabolic process

Answer 30

breaks it down

Question 31

Anabolic process

Answer 31

Build larger

Question 32

Metabolism build larger

Answer 32

low metabolism amino acids-protein anabolic process (anabolic steroids - body builders build up muscle)

Question 33

Excretion

Answer 33

removing wastes from the body urinary system kidneys a big part of this

Question 34

Reproduction

Answer 34

producing offspring | reproductive system

Question 35

Growth

Answer 35

increase in organ or body size due to increasing cell numbers (not size)

Question 36

Survival Needs

Answer 36

Nutrients, oxygen, water, body temperature, atmospheric pressure

Question 37

Nutrients

Answer 37

chemicals for fuel (energy) and building blocks for growth or repair carbohydrates, proteins, fats

Question 38

Carbohydrates

Answer 38

``` Main fuel (energy) Brain obligate glucose feeder (ketogenic diet starves brain) ```

Question 39

Proteins

Answer 39

Growth & repair - building blocks

Question 40

Fats

Answer 40

storage form of excess energy intake & building blocks

Question 41

Oxygen

Answer 41

required to "burn" fuel | oxidative reactions

Question 42

Water

Answer 42

the most abundant substance in the body 50-60% of our weight is h2o (adult range) Child's range is higher Older adult is lower required for various chemical reactions dehydration synthesis (anabolic process) & hydrolysis (catabolic process)

Question 43

Body Temperature

Answer 43

must maintain 37 degrees celsius

Question 44

Temp too cold

Answer 44

chemical reactions slow down

Question 45

Temp too hot

Answer 45

initially chemical reactions speed up, if too much proteins denature then they will start to cook insides (heat exhaustion, etc)