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Genetics > Lecture--Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Lecture--Chapter 11 Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Mendel’s data implied that genetic factors were:

A
  1. discrete (particulate)
  2. stable
  3. transmissible
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2
Q

Mendel’s data did not provide evidence of their ____.

A

chemical identity

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3
Q

Scientists who claimed that transmission of traits from parents to offspring is due to some chemical substance in living cells:

A

A. Weismann and C. Nageli (1880’s)

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4
Q

Criteria for genetic material:

A
  1. information
  2. transmissible
  3. replication
  4. variation
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5
Q

genetic material must contain the information necessary to make an entire organism:

A

information

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6
Q

genetic material is passed from parent to offspring–must be stable:

A

transmissible

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7
Q

genetic material must be possible to copy accurately:

A

replication

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8
Q

genetic material must be capable of changing:

A

variation

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9
Q

Scientist who studied Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence transmission:

A

Frederick Griffith

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10
Q

Two different strains in S. pneumoniae virulence transmission:

A
  1. rough (R) strain

2. smooth (S) strain

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11
Q

Factors of R strain:

A
  1. no polysaccharide capsule

2. avirulent

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12
Q

Factors of S strain:

A
  1. polysaccharide capsule

2. virulent

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13
Q

Scientist who injected mice, observed survival, and checked blood for bacteria:

A

Frederick Griffith

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14
Q

Frederick Griffith observed:

A

transformation: something from the dead type S bacteria was changing type R bacteria into deadly type S.

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15
Q

The ability to transmit traits from a dead cell to a live cell provided an experimental system to determine whether or not ____ or ____ is the genetic material.

A

DNA; protein

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16
Q

Scientists who fractionated type S bacterial cells into the 4 major classes of macromolecules:

A
  1. O. Avery
  2. C. MacLeod
  3. M. McCarty
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17
Q

4 major classes of macromolecules:

A
  1. lipids
  2. carbohydrates
  3. proteins
  4. nucleic acids (both DNA and RNA)
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18
Q

Only ____ extracts transformed live R cells.

A

DNA

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19
Q

_____ identified DNA as the transforming agent.

A

Additional controls

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20
Q

Scientists who studied bacteriophage T2, and that it was composed of only DNA and protein.

A

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

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21
Q

Hershey and Chase’s hypothesis:

A

only the genetic material of the phage is injected into the bacterial cell

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22
Q

______ can be used to track genetic material.

A

radioisotopes

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23
Q

Radioisotopes distinguish ____ from _____.

A

DNA; proteins

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24
Q

label that is incorporated into DNA:

A

32P

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25
label that is incorporated into protein
35S
26
Hershey and Chase grew phages in separate bacterial cultures with either 32P or 35S to produce differently _____.
labeled phages
27
Hershey and Chase used labeled phages to infect _____.
non-radioactive bacteria
28
Hershey and Chase sheared remaining protein coats off of cells, then separated by _____, and checked for ______ in supernatant and pellet.
centrifugation; radioactivity
29
According to Hershey and Chase, ____ remained with the cells after blending.
DNA (and not protein)
30
large macromolecules with several levels of structural complexity
nucleic acids (nuclein + acid)
31
'building blocks' that form repeating units
nucleotides
32
linked nucleotides that form a polymer
strands
33
two strands of DNA that form cross-links
double helix
34
folded strands of double helix plus associated proteins
higher-order 3-dimensional structures
35
3 components including a phosphate group, a 5C pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base
nucleotides
36
two components including a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base
nucleosides
37
2-deoxyribonucleic acid:
DNA
38
ribonucleic acid:
RNA
39
formed by covalent bonds between phosphates and sugars:
nucleic acid strand
40
A nucleic acid strand has _____.
directionality; 5' to 3'
41
The bonded phosphates and sugars form the ____ of the nucleic acid strand.
backbone
42
The _______ project out from the backbone of DNA.
N-bases
43
The scientific framework for the discovery of the structure of DNA resulted from research performed by many scientists, including:
1. Linus Pauling | 2. Rosalind Franklin
44
scientist that proposed a-helical structure of DNA
Linus Pauling
45
scientist who provided data for solving the structure of DNA through x-ray diffraction studies
Rosalind Franklin
46
In the X-ray diffraction of DNA, the diffraction pattern was consistent with a _____.
helical structure
47
In the x-ray diffraction of DNA, the diameter was too _____ to be a _____.
wide; single helix
48
In the x-ray diffraction of DNA, the helix contained about _____ base pairs per turn.
10
49
Scientist who analysed the amounts of A, C, G, & T in various organisms:
Edwin Chargaff
50
Chargaff's rule:
%A is approximately equal to %T; %C is approximately equal to %G.
51
Scientists who proposed that DNA exists as a double helix of 2 strands.
James Watson and Francis Crick
52
In the Watson and Crick theory of DNA, the _____ is external.
deoxyribose-phosphate backbone
53
In the Watson and Crick theory of DNA, the two strands are oriented ____.
antiparallel
54
In the Watson and Crick theory of DNA, DNA is coiled in a _____.
right-hand helix
55
Key features of the DNA structure: the bases in opposite strands hydrogen bond according to the ____ rule.
AT/GC
56
Key features of the DNA structure: The 2 strands are ____ with regard to their ____ directionality.
antiparallel; 5' to 3'
57
Key features of the DNA structure: bases are ____.
complementary
58
Other features of the DNA structure: ____ improves stability.
base-pair stacking
59
Other features of the DNA structure: The helix has two asymmetrical grooves on the outside:
1. the major groove | 2. the minor groove
60
Other features of the DNA structure: Certain ____ and ____ can bind within the two asymmetrical grooves.
molecules; proteins
61
DNA can form different types of _____.
secondary structure
62
_____ double helices form under other ____ conditions.
Z-DNA; in vitro
63
in vitro conditions in which Z-DNA double helices can form:
1. high salt, high GC content 2. low salt, C-methylation 3. left-hand helix, 12 bases/turn
64
Z-DNA double helix formation under in vitro conditions may have a role in ____ and _____.
recombination; transcription
65
Differences in RNA structure: Ribose sugar component with ___ instead of ____.
uracil; thymine
66
Differences in RNA structure: Most RNA is a _____, up to a few thousand nucleotides.
single-stranded polymer
67
Differences in RNA structure: RNA molecules often have unusual ____ structures as a result of ____.
double-stranded; folding
68
Representative RNA structures; use labeled phages to infect non-radioactive cells:
1. bulge loop 2. internal loop 3. multi-branched junction 4. stem-loop
69
Plays a part in the RNA structure:
transfer RNA (tRNA)
70
RNA folding is critical for all of its functions in ribosomes, as mRNA, and even as catalytic molecules called _____.
ribozymes

Genetics (18 decks)

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