Lecture--Chapter 1

Question 1

Genes are:

Answer 1

unit of heredity

Question 2

Traits are:

Answer 2

characteristics

Question 3

Genomes are:

Answer 3

all the DNA contained within the chromosomes

Question 4

Approximately how many genes code for proteins that perform most life functions?

Answer 4

20 000 - 25 000

Question 5

Approximately how many DNA base pairs per set of chromosomes?

Answer 5

3 billion

Question 6

The four major groups of cellular macromolecules are:

Answer 6

1. lipids
2. carbohydrates
3. proteins
4. nucleic acids

Question 7

What are lipids?

Answer 7

Molecules that form fats, phospholipids, waxes, steroids; function in energy metabolism and components of membranes.

Question 8

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 8

Molecules composed of hydrocarbon-rings, which form monosaccharides and polysaccharides; function in energy metabolism and storage polymer formation.

Question 9

What is an example of a monosaccharide?

Answer 9

glucose

Question 10

What is an example of a polysaccharide?

Answer 10

starch

Question 11

What are proteins?

Answer 11

polymers of amino acids (polypeptides); function in cell structures, immune defense, as enzymes; proteome

Question 12

What is a proteome?

Answer 12

All of the proteins that an organism can make.

Question 13

What are nucleic acids?

Answer 13

DNA or RNA; polymers of nucleotides; hereditary information, direct protein synthesis.

Question 14

Each nucleotide of DNA contains one:

Answer 14

nitrogenous base

Question 15

What are the nitrogenous bases?

Answer 15

1. adenine
2. thymine
3. cytosine
4. guanine

Question 16

What is a nucleotide?

Answer 16

a molecule containing a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

Question 17

What is a triplet code?

Answer 17

genetic information stored in the linear sequence of bases

Question 18

Start codon:

Answer 18

ATG (codes for methionine)

Question 19

What are the three different traits?

Answer 19

1. morphological traits
2. physiological traits
3. behavioural traits

Question 20

morphological traits:

Answer 20

affect the appearance, form, and/or structure of an organism

Question 21

physiological traits:

Answer 21

affect how an organism functions

Question 22

behavioural traits:

Answer 22

affect the ways an organism responds to the environment

Question 23

Traits are affected by:

Answer 23

the gene allele that is expressed

Question 24

Traits are expressed:

Answer 24

at different levels of biological organisation

Question 25

Traits are governed:

Answer 25

both by genes and by the environment

Question 26

What is a morph?

Answer 26

A contrasting form within a single species (2 or more phenotypes of the same species that occupy the same habitat at the same time, within a population with random mating).

Question 27

Genetic variation is a result of different types of changes at the DNA molecular level:

Answer 27

1. gene mutations 2. chromosomal mutations 3. aneuploidy

Question 28

What are gene mutations?

Answer 28

any change in the local DNA sequence as simple as a single nucleotide change; create new alleles

Question 29

What are chromosomal mutations?

Answer 29

any change in the structure of the chromosome; deletions, inversion, translocations, or duplications

Question 30

What is aneuploidy?

Answer 30

chromosomes lost or gained

Question 31

Define biological evolution:

Answer 31

The genetic makeup of a population can change over many generations.

Question 32

Define natural selection:

Answer 32

The gradual, non-random process by which biological traits become either more or less common in a population as a function of differential reproduction of their bearers; beneficial alleles have a higher probability of being passed onto subsequent generations.

Question 33

Random DNA mutations lead to:

Answer 33

1. neutral alleles 2. beneficial alleles 3. deleterious alleles

Question 34

Neutral alleles:

Answer 34

no advantage or disadvantage to the individual

Question 35

Beneficial alleles:

Answer 35

are advantageous to individuals since they make them better able to compete for resources and reproduce

Question 36

Deleterious alleles:

Answer 36

make individuals less able to compete for resources and reproduce

Question 37

What are the 2 different experimental approaches that genetics research uses?

Answer 37

1. hypothesis testing | 2. discovery-based science

Question 38

What are the three fields of genetics research?

Answer 38

1. transmission genetics 2. molecular genetics 3. population genetics

Question 39

Transmission genetics:

Answer 39

examines how traits are passed from one generation to the next

Question 40

Molecular genetics:

Answer 40

deals with the molecular features of DNA and how these underlie gene expression

Question 41

Population genetics:

Answer 41

deals with the genetic composition of populations and how it changes over time and space

Question 42

What does transmission genetics entail?

Answer 42

1. looks at patterns of inheritance (Mendelian and non-Mendelian) 2. the basic experimental approach in transmission genetics is the genetic cross

Question 43

What is the genetic cross?

Answer 43

the mating of 2 individuals and analysis of the traits of their offspring over several generations

Question 44

What does molecular genetics entail?

Answer 44

1. goal is to describe the molecular features of gene structure and function, scaling from DNA molecules to whole genomes 2. molecular technologies allow the introduction of genes into animals and plants--treatment for genetic diseases; agriculture modification of animals and plants in various ways

Question 45

What does population genetics entail?

Answer 45

1. connects the work of Mendel on inheritance to that of Darwin 2. genetic technologies allow the introduction of genes into animals and plants--agriculture modification of plants and animals; gene therapy for treatment of genetic diseases