Lecture--Chapter 20

Question 1

any organisms that receive genetic material using recombinant DNA technology

Answer 1

genetically modified organisms

Question 2

an organism that received DNA from a different species

Answer 2

transgenic organism

Question 3

a gene from one species inserted into another species

Answer 3

transgene

Question 4

Transgenes are introduced by _____, using:

Answer 4

biolistic delivery (gene gun)
Using:
1. liposomes
2. plasmid vectors
3. viral vectors
4. nuclear injection
5. protoplast fusion
6. ballistic DNA injection

Question 5

What are the common uses for transgenes?

Answer 5

1. food fermentation products
2. control of plant and insect diseases
3. bioremediation
4. medicines

Question 6

protein hormone composed of 2 polypeptide chains that are cross-linked by a disulfide bond

Answer 6

human insulin

Question 7

What happens during the introduction of human insulin?

Answer 7

1. fusion protein stabilises the insulin and provides a useful tag
2. induce expression with IPTG

Question 8

green fluorescent protein from a jellyfish

Answer 8

GFP

Question 9

GloFish are available in which colours?

Answer 9

1. Starfire Red
2. Cosmic Blue
3. Electric Green
4. Galactic Purple
5. Sunburst Orange
6. Moonrise Pink

Question 10

making non-functional one of an organism’s genes

Answer 10

gene knockout

Question 11

use an inducible promoter for tissue or time-specific expression

Answer 11

conditional expression

Question 12

a gene of interest is inserted into a particular chromosomal location; more consistent expression levels than with random insertion

Answer 12

gene knockin

Question 13

During the first part of production of a gene knockin in mice:

Answer 13

the gene of interest is cloned with flanking pieces of DNA from a noncritical site in the mouse genome. The cloned DNA is introduced into an embryonic stem cell.

Question 14

During the second part of production of a gene knockin in mice:

Answer 14

the gene of interest inserts into the noncritical site by homologous recombination

Question 15

production of medically important proteins in mammary glands of livestock or in plants

Answer 15

molecular pharming

Question 16

methods that produce two or more genetically identical individuals

Answer 16

reproductive cloning

Question 17

cloning cells from an adult for use in medicine and possibly organ transplants

Answer 17

therapeutic cloning

Question 18

First step of reproductive cloning with sheep:

Answer 18

Donor sheep’s mammary cells are extracted and grown in a tissue culture flask. Another sheep’s unfertilised egg is extracted, and the nucleus is removed.

Question 19

Second step of reproductive cloning with sheep:

Answer 19

The cells are fused together with electrical pulses.

Question 20

Third step of reproductive cloning with sheep:

Answer 20

The donor nucleus from the mammary cell and the maternal proteins within the enucleated egg initiate development of the egg into an embryo.

Question 21

Fourth step of reproductive cloning with sheep:

Answer 21

The embryo is transferred into a surrogate ewe.

Question 22

Fifth step of reproductive cloning with sheep:

Answer 22

Allow pregnancy to proceed.

Question 23

Sixth step of reproductive cloning with sheep:

Answer 23

A lamb genetically identical to the donor sheep is then born.

Question 24

____ has been achieved in cattle, pigs, mice, goats, horses, rabbits, and cats

Answer 24

somatic cell cloning

Question 25

Somatic cell cloning requires reprogramming of:

Answer 25

the differentiated somatic cell

Question 26

undifferentiated cells that can form specialised cells and can divide to form more

Answer 26

stem cells

Question 27

cells that can give rise to all of the different cells in the adult organism

Answer 27

Totipotent stem cells (embryonic vs. multipotent)

Question 28

cells that are rare and hard to locate in an individual

Answer 28

adult organ stem cells

Question 29

a gram-negative bacterium that causes crown-gall disease in broad-leaved plants

Answer 29

agrobacterium

Question 30

in crown-gall disease of broad-leaved plants, the agrobacterium can transfer ___ to the plant.

Answer 30

Ti plasmid (tumor inducing)

Question 31

in crown-gall disease of broad-leaved plants, the ___ inserts semi-randomly into a plant chromosome

Answer 31

T-DNA (transferred DNA)

Question 32

First step of the natural infection process of plants by an agrobacterium:

Answer 32

A wound on the plant enables the bacterium to infect dicot plant cells.

Question 33

Second step of the natural infection process of plants by an agrobacterium:

Answer 33

During infection, the T-DNA within the Ti plasmid is transferred to the plant cell.

Question 34

Third step of the natural infection process of plants by an agrobacterium:

Answer 34

The T-DNA is integrated into the plant cell's DNA.

Question 35

Fourth step of the natural infection process of plants by an agrobacterium:

Answer 35

Genes within the T-DNA promote uncontrolled plant cell growth.

Question 36

method by which immature flowers are drenched with solution of agrobacterium:

Answer 36

floral dip method

Question 37

Other methods for agrobacterium in plants are:

Answer 37

1. gene gun | 2. co-cultivation with roots

Question 38

First step of the transfer of genes into plants using a T-DNA vector from agrobacterium:

Answer 38

Gene of interest is inserted into T-DNA vector.

Question 39

Second step of the transfer of genes into plants using a T-DNA vector from agrobacterium:

Answer 39

Agrobacterium is transformed.

Question 40

Third step of the transfer of genes into plants using a T-DNA vector from agrobacterium:

Answer 40

Plant cells are exposed to agrobacterium.

Question 41

Fourth step of the transfer of genes into plants using a T-DNA vector from agrobacterium:

Answer 41

Transformants are selected using kanamycin.(seed growth or tissue culture)

Question 42

What are the plant protection traits that have been modified in transgenic plants?

Answer 42

1. resistance to viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens 2. resistance to insects 3. resistance to herbicides

Question 43

What are the plant quality traits that have been modified in transgenic plants?

Answer 43

1. improvement in storage | 2. plant composition

Question 44

What are the new product traits that have been modified in transgenic plants?

Answer 44

1. biodegradable plastics 2. vaccines 3. pharmaceuticals 4. antibodies

Question 45

produced by Bacillus thuringensis

Answer 45

Bt toxin

Question 46

prevents plant damage by many chewing insects such as beetles, caterpillars, flies, ants, wasps, and nematodes

Answer 46

Bt toxin

Question 47

introduction of cloned genes into living cells to treat disease

Answer 47

gene therapy

Question 48

What are the challenges of gene therapy?

Answer 48

1. gene targeting 2. cell transfer 3. high expression of therapeutic agent

Question 49

Steps of the nonviral approach for gene transfer:

Answer 49

1. DNA-liposome complex is taken up by endocytosis 2. The liposome is degraded and DNA is released in the cytosol 3. The DNA is imported into the cell nucleus 4. Insert DNA is integrated by recombination into a chromosome

Question 50

Steps of the viral approach for gene transfer:

Answer 50

1. Retrovirus is taken up by endocytosis 2. The viral coat is disassembled and 2 copies of the RNA genome are released in the cytosol 3. The RNA is reverse transcripted to DNA, which moves to the nucleus 4. Viral DNA is integrated by recombination into a chromosome