Lecture--Chapter 27

Question 1

a heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or species across many generations

Answer 1

biological evolution

Question 2

changes in the gene pool with regard to particular alleles over some period of time

Answer 2

microevolution

Question 3

relatively large changes in organisms that are sufficient to produce new species and higher taxa

Answer 3

macroevolution

Question 4

The three important influences that helped Darwin develop the Theory of Evolution:

Answer 4

1. Theories of geology that the Earth is very old and slowly changes.
2. Experimental observations of unique adaptations of closely related species.
3. Resource limitations of human population size results in differential survival of individuals (Thomas Malthus)

Question 5

the theory of descent with modification through variation and natural selection

Answer 5

adaptive evolution

Question 6

Genetic variation at the species level: genetic variation occurs in natural populations but:

Answer 6

progeny more closely resemble parents

Question 7

Natural selection at the species level: most species produce many more offspring than survive and reproduce, which leads to

Answer 7

improved adaptations to the environment

Question 8

suggests that all living species today have evolved from a common ancestor

Answer 8

descent with modification

Question 9

a group of organisms that maintains a distinct set of attributes in nature

Answer 9

species

Question 10

a species is a group of interbreeding individuals that produce viable offspring

Answer 10

biological species concept

Question 11

species are those organisms that occupy a unique ecological niche

Answer 11

ecological species concept

Question 12

different species have different evolutionary lineages

Answer 12

evolutionary lineage concept

Question 13

each species is a population of an independently evolving lineage

Answer 13

general lineage concept

Question 14

the process by which new species develop

Answer 14

speciation

Question 15

a single species is transformed into a different species over the course of many generations

Answer 15

anagenesis (phyletic change)

Question 16

a single species separates into two or more; most common

Answer 16

cladogenesis (branching event)

Question 17

cladogenetic speciation is subdivided into:

Answer 17

allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric speciation

Question 18

enables the evolution of separate species

Answer 18

reproductive isolation

Question 19

occurs with geographic isolation

Answer 19

allopatric speciation

Question 20

allopatric speciation:

Answer 20

geographic barriers, Founder effect

Question 21

small group migrates to a new location, which results in genetic drift

Answer 21

Founder effect

Question 22

random changes in allele frequency

Answer 22

genetic drift

Question 23

occurs with partial geographic seperation

Answer 23

parapatric speciation

Question 24

parapatric speciation:

Answer 24

hybrid zone

Question 25

occurs in same geographical area

Answer 25

sympatric speciation

Question 26

sympatric speciation occurs from:

Answer 26

polyploid formation

Question 27

the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or group of species

Answer 27

phylogeny

Question 28

a diagram of hypothetical evolutionary relationships:

Answer 28

phylogenetic tree

Question 29

based on homologous traits such as morphology, physiology, biochemistry, DNA sequences, and amino acid sequences:

Answer 29

phylogenetic tree

Question 30

basal root:

Answer 30

ancestral root

Question 31

directed trees with a unique node corresponding to the most recent common ancestor of all the entities within that tree

Answer 31

rooted phylogenetic trees

Question 32

a group or taxa that is distantly related to any within the tree

Answer 32

outgroup

Question 33

calculate relative rates of evolution on each branch from mutation rates

Answer 33

molecular clock hypothesis

Question 34

a tree that shows relationships of the nodes without making any assumptions about ancestry

Answer 34

unrooted phylogenetic trees

Question 35

calculates genetic distance from multiple sequence alignments

Answer 35

UPGMA method (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean)

Question 36

UPGMA method: Neighbour-joining trees, assumes a:

Answer 36

constant molecular clock

Question 37

a statistical method to make a tree that has the least evolutionary change to explain the observed sequence alignments

Answer 37

maximum parsimony method

Question 38

The simplest explanation is the correct one:

Answer 38

maximum likelihood

Question 39

a statistical method that allows one to incorporate prior information of evolutionary relationships among the taxa

Answer 39

Bayesian method

Question 40

Bayesian method tests the probability that a:

Answer 40

given output model is correct; better test

Question 41

the gold-standard for broad phylogeny studies (lg sequence space)

Answer 41

rRNA

Question 42

prokaryotes, 1542 nt

Answer 42

16S rRNA

Question 43

eukaryotes, 1869 nt

Answer 43

18S rRNA

Question 44

___ analysed 16S rRNA sequences in 1977 (molecular phylogeny)

Answer 44

Carl Woese

Question 45

Carl Woese identified ___ as a separate 'kingdom' of organisms

Answer 45

Archaea

Question 46

change in DNA, RNA, and/or protein

Answer 46

molecular evolution

Question 47

genetic variation due to non-neutral mutations that are acted on by natural selection

Answer 47

Darwinian selection (survival of the fittest)

Question 48

genetic variation involves neutral mutations that do not affect phenotype and are not acted on by natural selection

Answer 48

Neutral theory of evolution (survival of the luckiest)

Question 49

Neutral mutations can spread through a population by:

Answer 49

genetic drift

Question 50

a change in allele frequency due to random sampling

Answer 50

genetic drift

Question 51

the measure of evolutionary time by assessing the rate of neutral mutations of DNA

Answer 51

molecular clocks

Question 52

The rate that neutral mutations become fixed in a population is proportional to:

Answer 52

the rate of mutation per generation

Question 53

Genetic diversity is proportional to:

Answer 53

the time from which they last shared a common ancestor

Question 54

Molecular clocks tend to be not accurate over very short or very long:

Answer 54

timescales

Question 55

problems associated with mutation saturation differences in mutation rates through time

Answer 55

long time frames

Question 56

problems associated with different relative effects of genetic drift vs. natural selection

Answer 56

short time frames

Question 57

conservation of blocks of order within two sets of chromosomes that are being compared with each other

Answer 57

synteny