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Genetics > Lecture--Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Lecture--Chapter 9 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Bacteria are usually ____.

A

haploid

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2
Q

Bacteria have easier to identify _____ than in eukaryotes.

A

loss-of-function mutations

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3
Q

Bacteria reproduce ____ by ____.

A

asexually; binary fission

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4
Q

a collection of strains that share stable genetic properties and evolve as a group

A

a bacterial species

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5
Q

Genetic crosses cannot be used in the genetic analysis of ____.

A

bacterial species

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6
Q

Transfer of _____ occurs between bacteria, thereby enhancing genetic diversity.

A

bacterial DNA

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7
Q

Transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another can occur in three ways:

A
  1. conjugation
  2. transduction
  3. transformation
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8
Q

direct transfer of DNA from one cell to another

A

conjugation

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9
Q

viral mediated transfer of DNA between bacteria

A

transduction

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10
Q

uptake of DNA from the environment

A

transformation

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11
Q

showed genetic transfer in bacteria in 1946

A

Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum

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12
Q

Studied nutritional growth requirements of different strains of E.coli:

A

Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum

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13
Q

bio- met- thr+ leu+ thi+:

A

required biotin, methionine

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14
Q

bio+ met+ thr- leu- thi-:

A

required threonine, leucine, thiamine

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15
Q

showed in 1950 that genetic transfer in bacteria requires physical contact:

A

Bernard Davis

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16
Q

Process that David used:

A
  1. filter that restricted movement of intact bacteria

2. after incubation, moved to complete media

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17
Q

During conjugation, a special plasmid that is required:

A

F factor (fertility factor)

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18
Q

Which genes does the F factor plasmid carry for conjugation?

A
  1. Pilus proteins

2. Relaxosome proteins

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19
Q

A protein tube connecting the cytoplasm of bacterial cells:

A

pilus proteins

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20
Q

Interact with the DNA during conjugation, move a copy through the pilus

A

relaxosome proteins

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21
Q

F factor genes–origin of transfer:

A

oriT

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22
Q

Conjugation events: An F+ bacterium has ____ that produces pili.

A

an F factor plasmid

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23
Q

Conjugation events: When a _____ encounters an F- bacterium, it attaches and pulls it close to the F+ bacterium.

A

pilus

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24
Q

Conjugation events: The _____ cuts 1 strand of the F plasmid and directs the cut end to the _____.

A

relaxosome; pilus

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25
Conjugation events: The ______ pump the strand through the _____ to the F- cell.
exporter proteins; pilus
26
Conjugation events: The recipient cell replicates second strand, becoming an _______.
F+ cell
27
High frequency recombination strains:
Hfr strains
28
The ____ integrates the genome of the bacterium.
F factor
29
During conjugation a portion of the ____ is transferred to recipient cells.
bacterial genome
30
Used Hfr strains to begin mapping the E. coli genome in the 1950's:
Elie Wollman and Francois Jacob
31
Genetic transfer: Genes close to the ____ are transferred first.
cut site (oriT)
32
Genetic transfer: Interrupting mating at different times results in recipient cells receiving _____.
different lengths of DNA
33
Strains of bacteria with different ____ are used for mapping.
genotypes
34
a bacterial strain which requires specific supplements to grow
auxotroph
35
Supplements that auxotophs might require to grow:
threonine or leucine ---> thr- or leu-
36
Two strains that could complement auxotroph growth deficiencies:
1. thr+ leu+ lac+ gal+ azis strs tons | 2. thr- leu- lac- gal- azir strr tonr
37
Selective growth conditions are used to detect ____.
recombinants
38
Conjugation mapping: ___ donor strain is mixed with F- recipient strain.
Hfr
39
Conjugation mapping donor:
thr+ leu+ lac+ gal+ azis strs tons
40
Conjugation mapping recipient:
thr- leu- lac- gal- azir strr tonr
41
Conjugation mapping: At 5 minute intervals a sample is taken, placed in a blender and blended to break the _____.
pilus connection
42
Conjugation mapping: Sample placed on plates containing _____ and incubated (only recipient cells will grow).
streptomycin
43
Conjugation mapping: Resulting colonies were screened for ____ on different minimal media.
genotypes
44
Over 1000 of the 4000+ genes on the ____ chromosome were mapped to their relative positions using ______ mapping experiments.
E. coli; Hfr conjugation
45
Since the distance between genes is measured as a function of time, the map units are ____.
minutes
46
DNA transfer involving bacteriophage:
transduction
47
A ______ is a virus that specifically attacks bacterial cells.
bacteriophage
48
DNA packaging errors result in ____ being packed into _____.
bacterial DNA; assembling phage
49
Size of the phage limits the amount of DNA which can be ____: 1 to 2 'minutes'
transduced
50
random pieces of degraded host cell DNA are packaged in to the ____ phage, later inserted into the DNA of a new host cell.
generalised transduction; [transducing phage]
51
process by which particular bacterial genes are integrated into the bacterial chromosome at a specific site
specialised transduction
52
_____ genes are those on the piece of DNA from the _____ phage.
Cotransduced; transducing
53
can be used to determine relative positions of genes very close together on the DNA; typically 1 'minute' or less
mapping by cotransduction
54
some bacteria can take up DNA from the environment and incorporate it into their genome:
transformation
55
bacterial cells capable of DNA uptake
competent cells
56
Naturally competent cells have several _____.
competence factors
57
What are the competence factors that naturally competent cells have?
1. proteins on the surface which bind DNA 2. extracellular nucleases which 'trim' the DNA 3. an uptake system which transports the DNA into the cytoplasm
58
DNA is incorporated into recipient chromosome by _____.
homologous recombination
59
exchange of nucleotide sequences between two similar or identical molecules of DNA
homologous recombination
60
homologous recombination occurs during _____ and during _____.
meiosis; repair of double strand breaks
61
homologus recombination enables _____ in bacteria.
horizontal gene transfer
62
can be used for mapping or cloning
transformation
63
Two types of transformation:
1. natural transformation | 2. artificial transformation
64
DNA uptake occurs without outside help
natural transformation
65
DNA uptake occurs with the help of special techniques
artificial transformation
66
______ can be created in the lab for many bacteria.
artificially competent cells
67
Artificially competent cells can be created by _____ exposure, followed by a _____.
CaCl2; heat shock
68
Artificially competent cells can be created by ____ that uses a brief electric current to create transient holes in the membrane.
electroporation
69
Creation of artificially competent cells is very useful for ______.
recombinant DNA work
70
transfer of genes between organisms in a manner other than traditional reproduction
horizontal gene transfer
71
Horizontal gene transfer occurs more often in bacteria from the _____ or _____ species because of _____.
same; related; DNA uptake signal sequences
72
Horizontal gene transfer can be viewed as a _____ sexual process.
primitive
73
Many different types of ___ are acquired through horizontal gene transfer.
genes
74
About 17% of ___ and ____ genes are acquired through horizontal gene transfer.
E. coli; Salmonella typhimurium
75
Many of the genes that are acquired through horizontal gene transfer are related to ____ and _____.
pathogenesis; antibiotic resistance

Genetics (18 decks)

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