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Anatomy > Lecture Exam 2 (review) > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2 (review) Flashcards

(97 cards)

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1
Q

skeletal tissue

A

long, cylindrical, multi nucleated, striated cells

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2
Q

cardiac tissue

A

striated, interlocking, uninucleated found in heart

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3
Q

smooth tissue

A

non-striated, interlocking, crossing, uninucleated found in tubes

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4
Q

muscle tissue properties

A

excitability, contractability, extensibility, elasticity

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5
Q

respond to stimuli

A

excitability

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6
Q

ability to shorten

A

contractibility

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7
Q

ability to contract over range of resting lengths

A

extensibility

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8
Q

ability to return to normal length

A

elasticity

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9
Q

function of skeletal muscle

A

produce skeletal movement, maintain posture, support soft tissues, regulate entry/exit or materials, and maintain body temperature

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10
Q

muscle organization (smallest to largest)

A

myofilaments, myofibrils, muscle fibers, fascicles, muscle

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11
Q

actin, myosin; arranged into sacromeres

A

myofilaments

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12
Q

collections of myofilaments

A

myofibrils

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13
Q

AKA muscle cells/myocytes; collections of myofibrils; surrounded by endomysium

A

muscle fibers

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14
Q

what are muscle fibers surrounded by

A

endomysium

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15
Q

bundles of muscle fibers; surrounded by perimysium

A

fascicles

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16
Q

what are fascicles surrounded by

A

perimysium

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17
Q

collection of fascicles; surrounded by epimysium

A

muscle

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18
Q

what is muscle surrounded by

A

epimysium

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19
Q

functional contractile unit of muscle

A

sarcomere

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20
Q

sliding filament theory step 1

A

calcium ions enter muscle fiber via sarcoplasmic reticulum

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21
Q

sliding filament theory step 2

A

calcium ions bind to troponin; troponin changes orientation, moving tropomyosin and exposing myosin binding sites

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22
Q

sliding filament theory step 3

A

cross-bridging occurs between actin and myosin; muscle begins to contract

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23
Q

sliding filament theory step 4

A

electrical stimulation ends, calcium is reabsorbed into SR; ATP consumed

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24
Q

skeletal muscles contract from

A

insertion to origin

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25
increased formation of ATP from ADP; 5-15% increase in 1RM; no substantial improvement in endurance exercises
creatine phosphate
26
motor unit
1 motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
27
neurotransmitter responsible for initiating action potential in muscle fiber
acetylcholine
28
growth in number of myofilaments and therefore overall size of muscle
hypertrophy
29
decrease in size of muscle fiber
atrophy
30
erector spinae muscles
spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis
31
abdominal muscles
external oblique, internal oblique, rectus abdominis, and transverse abdominis
32
Rotator cuff muscles (SITS)
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis
33
scapula-humeral muscles
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis, deltoid, coracobrachialis, teres major, biceps brachii long head and triceps brachii long head.
34
pectineus
anterior thigh muscle
35
adductor brevis
anterior thigh muscle
36
adductor longus
anterior thigh muscle
37
adductor magnus
anterior thigh muscle
38
gracilis
anterior thigh muscle
39
sartorius
anterior thigh muscle
40
rectus femoris
anterior thigh muscle
41
vastus lateralis
anterior thigh muscle
42
vastus intermedius
anterior thigh muscle
43
vastus medialis
anterior thigh muscle
44
tibialis anterior
anterior leg muscle
45
extensor hallucis longus
anterior leg muscle
46
extensor digitorum longus
anterior leg muscle
47
function of endocrine system
release chemical messengers (hormones) into the bloodstream that regulate bodily functions
48
components of endocrine system
hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, gonads
49
hypothalamus regulatory hormones
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) somatostatin, dopamine
50
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
anterior pituitary gland. triggers release of thyroid hormones
51
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
anterior pituitary gland. triggers release of steroid hormones from adrenal glands
52
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
anterior pituitary gland. promotes development of oocytes and sperm
53
luteinizing hormone (LH)
anterior pituitary gland. promotes secretion of progestins and tesosterone
54
prolactin
anterior pituitary gland. milk production, mammary gland development
55
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
anterior pituitary gland. increases melanin production
56
growth hormone (GH)
anterior pituitary gland. stimulates protein synthesis
57
antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin, ADH)
posterior pituitary gland. increases fluid retention
58
oxytocin
posterior pituitary gland. smooth muscle contraction in mammary glands, uterus, and prostate
59
thyroxin (T4)
thyroid gland. increases rate of cellular metabolism and oxygen consumption
60
calcitonin
thyroid gland. lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts
61
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
parathyroid gland. increases blood calcium levels and decreases calcium excretion
62
adrenal cortex produces
corticosteriods
63
zona glomerulosa
adrenal cortex. produces mineralcorticoids
64
aldosterone
mineralcorticoids. produced by zona glomerulosa. water and sodium retention
65
zona fasciculata
adrenal cortex. produces glucocorticoids
66
cortisol
glucocorticoids. produced by zona fasciculata. increases glucose synthesis; primary stress hormone
67
zona reticularis
adrenal cortex. produces androgens
68
precursor stress hormone
androgen .produces by zona retiuclaris
68
secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
adrenal medulla
69
functions of lymphatic system
produce lymphocytes, maintain normal blood volume, alternative route for nutrients, hormones, waste and blood filtration
70
interstitial fluid, main component of ECF
lymph
71
lymphatic capillaries, superficial/deep lymphatics, lymphatic trunks, lymphatic ducts
lymphatic vessesl
72
going towards node
afferent
73
leaving node
efferent
74
empty into venous circulation.
lymphatic duct
75
types of lymphatic ducts
thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
76
B, T, NK cells
lymphocytes
77
densely packed areas of lymphocytes lining respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts (tonsils)
lymph nodules
78
filter and purify lymph
lymph nodes
79
removal of abnormal blood cells, iron storage, lymphocyte synthesis
spleen
80
development of T/NK lymphocytes
thymus
81
ongoing muscle contraction following death; skeletal muscles run out of ATP
rigor mortis
82
repetitive teeth grinding, can cause TMJ syndrome
bruxism
83
lower back pain due to strain of erector spinae
dorsalgia
84
85
used to stregthen muscles of pelvic floor
kegel exercises
86
lateral epicondylitis
tennis elbow
87
medial epicondylitis
little league elbow
88
repeated rubbing of tendon of lateral femoral condyle
IT band syndrome
89
irritation of patellar ligament at tibial tuberosity
osgood-schlatters disease
90
top of stomach protrudes through diaphragm
hiatal hernia
91
occurs at AC joint, supraspinatus often injured as well
shoulder separation
92
treatment for compartment syndrome
fasciotomy
93
inadequate production of GH
dwarfism
94
graves disease, goiter
hyperthyroidism
95
cretinism, weight gain and bradycardia
hypothyroidism
96
scapula movements
elevation, depression, retraction, protraction, up rotation, and down. rotation

Anatomy (18 decks)

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