Lecture Exam IV

Question 1

Microbiome

-has 10^ x microorganisms
- environmental contact causes what?
- why is the body favorable for organisms?

Answer 1

10^14 prokaryotic and eukaryotic

implants, transient, invades

stable temp, pH, nutrients, H2O, surface area

Question 2

normal diversity promotes _____
_______ promotes disease

Answer 2

health

dysbiosis

Question 3

how do microbiota modify its microhabitat

Answer 3

alters pH and oxygen tension

excretes chemicals/acids/ abx/ bacteriocins (abx like compound that kills related species)

creating barriers chemical and physical

Question 4

natural flora made of…

limited fluctuation, can occur due to:

Answer 4

prokarytic, eukaryotic, virus

abx
drugs
diet
stress
sleep

Question 5

viruses and normal flora

Answer 5

found in feces and mucosal surfaces
variability of bacteriophages is less than 5%= symbiotic relationship

viruses carry genes needed for metabolism and protein synthesis ➡️influences bacteria metabolism

Question 6

studies on disease processes

Answer 6

IBS is due to dysbiosis
less bacteria diversity means an increase in bacteriophages

Question 7

microbiome and babies

Answer 7

bacteria in placenta, cord blood, womb shows bacteria colonization happens before birh

after birth it increases: Normal flora colonize large intestine of bottle fed = mixed populations
E coli.
enterobacter sp.
Klebsiella sp.

Question 8

which bacterias develop the gut

Answer 8

Lactobacillus, enteric Streptococcus, Staphylococcus

Question 9

breast fed babies

Answer 9

starts w E coli and Streptococci

Short time
primarily Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus

breast milk makes over 200 diff oligosaccharides that vary greatly
these oligo chagne in mothers milk over the months

Question 10

benefits of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus

Answer 10

intestinal balance
lactose tolerance
antitumorigenic activity (cancer resistance)
reduces cholesterol
promotes calcium absorp
B complex synthesis (helps metabolism)
reduces excretion on rotaviruses

Question 11

probiotics 😍

Answer 11

oral administers:
live organisms
health promoter
reestablish natural balance
host specific

maintain community
stabilizes gut barriers
inhibitory substances
immune response stimulation

Question 12

prebiotics

Answer 12

nondigestible dietary fiber

inulin- promotes probiotic growth

Question 13

what two bacterias are found the most

Answer 13

staphylococcus
streptococcus

Question 14

skin and gram +

you have to be positive to deal with the salty girls

Answer 14

skin has no gram negative bacteria
has yeasts and gram positive bacteria

only + can handle salt on skin

Question 15

skin
- 3 microbiomes
- not favorable for most b/c…

Answer 15

moist, oily, dry

periodic drying, slightly acidic (6.5 pH), sweat causes osmotic stress, lysozyme (in body secretions) break the β1-4 links b/w NAG and NAM in peptidoglycan

Question 16

oil glands in skin

Answer 16

lipids degraded by enzymes in certain G+ bacteria

increased oil in puberty, metabolized into volatile fatty acids, skin inflammation leads to acne

Question 17

P acnes (protective strains)

Answer 17

produces protective thiopeptides that block other G+ bacteria

Question 18

Eye
-repvious view
- current

Answer 18

prev:
limited NF, nonpathogenic; Corynebacteria and staphylococcus epidermidis; b/c blinking, tears and lysozymes

current:
all exposed mucosal surfaces are populated
difficult to culture
-diversity in eye bacteria
-during infection: less diversity and increase in pseudomonas (indicates infection)

Question 19

Ear
-outer
-middle

Answer 19

outer- often skin bacteria

middle- pseudomonas aeruginosa (causes swimmer’s ear)

in middle ear infections:
inc bacteria and fluids lead to pressure and pain, abx kill bacteria but do not get rid of fluids

Question 20

Mouth

Answer 20

large populations in different microbiomes in dif areas : roof, teeth, gums, tongue

survive mechanical removal by adhering during swallowing

Saliva (10^9 bacteria/mL): strepto, staphylo, neisseria, lactobacilli, etc
NF is wiped from abx and can lead to cadidiasis

microbiome is structured by layers
-strepto is first

biofilm: bacteria community that excrete sticky matrix for attachment and persistence

strepto: dental plaque, dental caries, gingivitis, periodontal disease

Question 21

biofilm formation

Answer 21

bacteria community that excretes sticky matrix for attachment and persistence

abx resistant
thwarts immune response

Question 22

respiratory tract

• upper flora

why lungs were considered sterile:

Answer 22

upper flora similar to oral cavity (strepto)

bc:
- continuous stream of mucus from ciliated epithelial cells
-phagocytic action of alveolar macrophages
-lysozyme in mucus (CUTS NAG NAM)
-sIgA (antibody specific immune response protein) found in all body secretions, protects epithelial layer

now we know:
lungs also populated by bacteria not much, not cofluent but in patches
lungs coated w surfactants that allow movement of lungs and act as antimicrobial peptides

Question 23

alcoholism and smoking

Answer 23

alcoholics:
lazy epiglottis stay open increasing bacteria n fluids into the lung and more infections (phagocytic immune cells)
lazy macrophages do not clear lungs

smoking does not allow removal or mucus and pathogens increasing infections

Question 24

genitourinary tract

female
- estrogen and glycogen

Answer 24

complex microbiota= fluctuating due to menstrual cycle( change in hormones and blood flow)
acid tolerant Lactilobacillus predominate
estrogen stimulates glycogen prod ; glycogen then used by lactobacillus to produce lactic acid (pH 5)

low pH means healthy bacteria!

preterm babies/ close births see less lacto and more bacterial diversity

** long term abx use can lead to yeast infections

Question 25

HPV spread and percentage of cancers it causes

Answer 25

spread by skin contact even when asymptomatic; visually the strains that cause warts wont cause cancer and vice versa anogenital warts cervical cancer 83-95% of anal cancers 20-50% vulvar cancer 60-65% vaginal cancers 30-42% penile cancers

Question 26

HPV (RRP)

Answer 26

recurrent respiratory papillomatous causes airway obstruction that req frequent laser exicion to remove tumors leads to tracheostomy and loss of speak -spreads to distal airawys and malignancy is often fatal HPV can be spread to your baby during childbirth

Question 27

HPV safe sex and treatments

Answer 27

condoms dont provide full coverage, are weakened by creams vaginal spermicides and N-9 increase susceptibility which disrupts epithelium virucidal= used as prevention treatment: topical and liquid N2 to freeze warts surgical removal ablation most are cleared within 2 yrs

Question 28

Gardasil HPV9 Vaccine

Answer 28

~200 Strains (40 infect genital tract) virus like particles of purified L1 proteins of HPV (HPV spike proteins) types 6,11 account for 90% of genital warts types 16,18 (70% cancers) types 31,33,45,52,58 (90%) 9 strands of the most freq strains that cause warts works by inducing neutralizing antibodies= prevents virus attachment vaccine 3 IM doses @ birth,2,6 months OR 2 doses 6 months apart

Question 29

how are L1 proteins prod

Answer 29

by Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation and self assemble into VPLs that are released by yeast cell disruption and then absorbed into aluminum containing adjuvant

Question 30

Large intestine (colon) 3 elimination methods

Answer 30

largest microbial population in body and most diverse too! eliminated by peristalsis desquamation mucus movement happens rapidly due to high repro rate= self regulating obligate anaerobes are more than 90% of NF (Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Fusobacterium, Clostridium perfringens, etc) facultative anaerobes also present (Escherichia coli, Enterococci, yeasts, viruses)

Question 31

impact of intestinal NF

Answer 31

helps digestion competes w exogenous bacteria takes up space metabolically active produces natural metabolites (acids, alcohols, antibiotics, bacteriocins) modifies environment - mod bile and mucus to increase ability to trap bacteria and increase expulsion ***this all prevents pathogens and expels them at high rates

Question 32

impact of intestinal NF pii

Answer 32

vitamin synthesis ( Vit A and K) infl. dev of immunity by stimulating GALT (gut associated lymphoid tissues) GALT has all cells needed in a strong immune response NF and GALT= trains response sIgA blocks microbes from binding to host releases hormone like substance that stimulates peristalsis mods host protein glycosylation= change in surface receptor on host tissue; decreasing binding and increasing expulsion bacterial metabolism can result in detoxification or produce carcinogens

Question 33

healthy gut epi leaky gut progression

Answer 33

strong, tight junction, thick, covered in mucus leaky gut progression leads to dysbiosis (stress, toxins, food particles, drugs, pathogens) inflammation leads to= truncated villi, increase permeability, impaired nutrient absorp more gut permeab= more invasions and tissue breakdowns particles that interact w GALT= increase inflammations gluten is just a protein

Question 34

microbial dysbiosis

Answer 34

gut NF is like the 2nd brain; releases pharmacologically active molecules thru blood interacts w receptors on tissues influences brain chemistry, development, neuron function LPS shown to decrease thyroid receptor expression leading to hypothyroidism since not getting hormone signals inflammation - impaired nutrient absorption needed for thyroid health autism and asthma associated w low bacterial diversity

Question 35

gut microbes

Answer 35

influence hormone prod interact w a number of endocrine receptors can change metabolism and virulence in response to signals

Question 36

gut health and anxiety/depression

Answer 36

disrupting NF and decreasing diversity w abx can change behavior - dec in brain derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) and increase dep/anx when oral abx done the bacteria return to normal= restoration of normal chemistry 5 day abx course can supress 1/3 of gut microbiome and stop growth of new brain cells PTSD- imbalance in gut microbiota can lead to inflam dysbiosis and inc risk of brain or behavior disorders stress biomarkers could indicate if someone suffers from or at risk of dev PTSD= allows for prev/treatment w probiotics and abx

Question 37

host defenses goals and why is there a need for diversity of host mechanisms

Answer 37

protection and health diversity in types of pathogens and abilities

Question 38

innate vs adaptive: quick or slow? which is on and ready to go which is phagocytic which uses granulocytes? which causes fever and inflammation which uses mucus and skin barriers which uses memoty cells and which ones? antibodies

Answer 38

innate: quick, always on and ready to go, phagocytic, granulocytes, complement, fever and inflammation, barriers adaptive: slower but BETTER, memory T and B celles (plasma and memory cells), antibodies

Question 39

host defenses (innate)

Answer 39

non specific always ready to act immediately physical barriers- mucus and skin chemical barriers- lysozymes/ low pH stomach cellular defenses- phagocytosis inflammation- tissue damage response fever- systemic temp rises molecular defense- cytokines (small soluble proteins) act as cell to cell messengers -interferons: cytokines that help clear viral infections - complement cascade: cascade of proteins that enhance inflammation and opsinizes/ creates pore leading to lysis

Question 40

cytokines

Answer 40

chemical soluble messenger released from one cell to tell another what to do IF- interferon ⍺, β,γ TNF- tumor necrosis factor IL- interleukins

Question 41

complement (proteins)

Answer 41

proteins found in their blood that is activated when "broken apart"

Question 42

host defense (adaptive)

Answer 42

takes time to develop anywhere from days to weeks products only react w eliciting foreign substance (antigen) 1. Lymphocytes 2a. humoral 2b. cell mediated immunity 3a. H- B cells [makes antibodies Ab] 3b. T helper: cytokines cell to cell interactions that help B cells increase antibody production- more macrophage killing and T cytotoxic killing 3b. T cytotoxic: cytokines cell to cell interaction kills infected and abnormal cells

Question 43

nonspecific immune response characteristics

Answer 43

acts as a first line of defense resistance to any microbe or foreign material lacks memory does not adapt

Question 44

skin -barrier? -layers? -keratinocytes

Answer 44

strong mechanical barrier multiple layers keratinocytes: produces keratin in outer layer, intact skin (impenetrable), cytokines and presents antigens inhospitable for microbes

Question 45

mucous membranes -layers? -MALT

Answer 45

one layer physical barrier resists penetration and traps microbes has a lot of antimicrobials overlay mucosal associated lymphoid tissues -GALT in gut

Question 46

cells of the immune system: -hematopoiesis -platelets* -erythrocytes* -leukocytes

Answer 46

breach of physical barrier means cell defense takes over hematopoiesis: the dev of blood cells in bone marrow, arises from PLURIPOTENT stem cells leukocytes: in both specific and nonspecific immunity

Question 47

mast cells -location -functions

Answer 47

specialized tissue cells similar to basophils that triggers inflammatory rxns responsible for allergy sx located in most tissues including connective tissues and epithelia recruit specific and nonspecific effector cells to site upon activation- release granule content (cytokines, chemokines, vasoactive amines like prostaglanding and histamines, enzymes, antimicrobial peptides vasodilation- increase lymph flow from infected sites, increasing WBC trigger muscular contraction*** clears invader

Question 48

neutrophils (granulocyte) PMNs -how does it migrate and kill {nets} he a big boy

Answer 48

essential blood phagocytes, engulf and kill bactera 50-90% of circulating leukocytes highly phagocytic: 1st responder cells from circulating and variety of cytokines circulates in blood then migrates to tissue damage sites, release granule contents and phagocytes and kills/ presents Ag kill w enzymes and reactive oxygen and nitrogen metabolites (ROIs and RNIs) contained granules {bleach, H2O2)

Question 49

basophils (granulocyte)

Answer 49

fxn in inflammatory events and allergies less tahn 1% if WBC, help increase blood flow

Question 50

eosinophils (granulocyte)

Answer 50

active in worm and fungal infections, allergy, inflammatory rxn 1-3% of WBC allergy and parasitic reactions (helminths) makes highly charged proteins to basically tase the worms

Question 51

macrophage (M⌀) moMA

Answer 51

largest phagocyte that ingests and kills foreign cells, strategic participants in certain specific immune rxns larger, more complex, long life resides in tissue, surface receptors chemical attractions, bacteria capsules

Question 52

T cells

Answer 52

cell immune response assist B cells and kills foreign cells (cell mediated imm)

Question 53

B cells

Answer 53

differentiate into plasma cells and form antibodies (humoral imm)

Question 54

mast -Polymorpho nuclear cells (PMN) -basophils -eosinophils -Macrophage (M⌀) ▶︎what vasoactive amine do granules have? ▶︎what three things does it cause? ▶︎what is an extreme response?

Answer 54

granules have histamine (vasoactive amine) Expulsion, kill invader by: constricting throat and bronchi -more mucus, sneezing, cough, squeezing and constriction constriction of intestine -more mucus, peristalsis, diarrhea, vomiting dilation of blood vessels - increase edema (fluid/cells), decrease BP (tachy), increase phagocytosis extreme response causes anaphylaxis

Question 55

monocytes ▶︎where is it located? ▶︎circulation time, what does it do in this cycle? MOma

Answer 55

highly phagocytic cells located in blood mononuclear agranulocytic phagocytic leukocytes circulates for 8 hrs: enters cells and matures in a macrophage leaves the blood flow and enters tissues

Question 56

dendtritic cells 5 steps

Answer 56

1 find pathogen 2 bind 3 ingest 4 digest 5 present Ag

Question 57

inflammation ▶︎what kind of defense? to what? ▶︎ what are the 4 cardinal signs ▶︎what are its 3 goals

Answer 57

innate defense to tissue damage -pathogen or physical trauma 4 signs: erythema (redness), edema (swelling), heat, pain 3 goals: kills invading microbes, clear tissue debris, repair injured tissue cells and chemicals released thru blood vessels macrophages involved and other APCs

Question 58

Extravasation ▶︎what processes happen to cause erythema, edema, heat and pain prostaglandin, aspirin

Answer 58

cells leaving circulation to go to site of injury 1 RBC engorged ‣ erythema (red) 2 fluid accumulates and cells ‣ edema (swell) 3 localized increase in metabolic activity ‣ heat 4 pain is due to pressure on nerves from accumulated cells and fluids phagocyte/ mast cell: cell membrane activation‣ phospholipid turnover ‣ arachidonic acid cascade ‣ prostaglandin produces and act on nerve endings aspirin inhibits enzyme in prostaglandin pathway

Question 59

Fever ▶︎what interleukins are triggered to cause temp to rise ▶︎what does high T of pathogen growth rate do? what is stimulated? ▶︎by enhacing immune system activity what increases? what decreases? what are the dangers of a fever

Answer 59

IL1, IL6, TNF triggers hypothalamus and increases T if T is too high for pathogen, it will decrease growth rate leukocytes B and T cell response increases more killing, APC, cytokines, AMP, ROI, RNI iron availability decreases to microbes since macrophages hold onto it fever makes pt recover fast but can damage tissues if proteins denature

Question 60

specific immune response ▶︎advantages ▶︎how do the two types of response work together?

Answer 60

adv: memory B and T cells improves over time stronger arm macrophages opsonize antigen, cytokines, activate B and T cells

Question 61

antigen ▶︎what is it recognized as? ▶︎ what receptors does it interact with ▶︎usually _____ in nature - T recognizes ... -B cells recognize... - B cell receptors recognize... ▶︎ what response does it invoke what are Ag used in

Answer 61

recognized as foreign interacts with antigen (Ag) sepcific receptors on T and B cells protein in nature (linear peptide req to present to T cells) T- presented Ag B cells- free soluble antigen or antigen on pathogen B receptors (mIg)- recognize shape so CHO proteins lipids can bind incokes immune response- all cells covered in antigens Ag: microbe speciation blood typing organ transplants (HLA typing)

Question 62

types of specific imunity ▶︎Humoral - which cell w Ag receptor ▶︎cellular immunity - which cell w Ag receptor

Answer 62

humoral: B cell w Ag receptor (mIg) -antibody Immunoglobulin activity: serves as membrane bound B cell Ag receptor (mIg) and binds to Ag to neutralize/opsonize pathogen ⑂ cellular: T cell w Ag receptor (TCR) also called cell mediated immunity based onaction of sepcific T lymphocytes (Th) and (Tc) Th- T helper 1 Tc- cytotoxic T cell

Question 63

5 types of antibodies: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE Get Mom After Dinner Ends

Answer 63

Ig- immunoglobulin glycoprotein made by activated B cells serves as antigen receptor on B cell Surface (BCR/ mIg) found in blood serum, tissue fluids, mucosal surfaces on vertebrate animals an antibody recognizes and binds antigen that elicited its production

Question 64

antibody/ immunoglobulin structure polypeptide chair regions connected at what can antiobodies recognize? what do T cells recognize?

Answer 64

4 polypeptide chains 2 light, 2 heave these ^ connect by interchain disulfide bonds constant and variable regions antibodies recognize free/soluble/ cell bound antigens t cells recognize peptides

Question 65

IgG

Answer 65

opsonizes crosses placenta

Question 66

IgM

Answer 66

monomeric IgM is mIg on B secreted IgM is pentamer 1st antibody produces 10 identical Ag binding sires

Question 67

IgA

Answer 67

main secretory antibody limits penetration of microbes into mucosa w/o inflam damage comes in breast milk

Question 68

all Abs can serve as mIg on B

Answer 68

mIg is always monometric

Question 69

IgE

Answer 69

parasitic or allergic reactions

Question 70

J chain is responsible for polymerization

Answer 70

binds receptor on mucosa for transport to lumen

Question 71

Ab complete fixaatoin

Answer 71

lysis inflammation opsonization

Question 72

agglutination

Answer 72

Ab binds to cella and creates a big circle (think how ppl connect their tubes)

Question 73

T cells -produce what Th -activation -killing 0activation of ___

Answer 73

produce cytokines involved in cell to cell interactions T helper cells increase B cell activation and Antibody prod increases phagocytic killing abilities increasee Th1 Tc cell activation and killing

Question 74

T cytotoxic cells uses ___ tp recognize Ag of ______ how do they kill abnormal cells how is death induced

Answer 74

TCR; surface of infected cells release granule content apoptosis Tc is unharmed and can continue

Question 75

perforins

Answer 75

make pores

Question 76

granzymes

Answer 76

enter thru pores and induce apoptosis

Question 77

sporadic disease endemic outbreak

Answer 77

sporadic and irregularly slow but steady interval suddent outbreak (focal, limited population

Question 78

epidemic pandemic

Answer 78

sudden incraese in frew above expected index case: first case increase in disease within a worldwide pop

Question 79

carrier casual chronic convalescent

Answer 79

pt colonized w organism but no evidence of disease; may/ may not show signs often makes epidemic more dangerous bc of unknowingly spreading harbors microbe temp infected for relatively long time (typhoid mary) remains inffected for varying perionds after disease

Question 80

morbiDity

Answer 80

new cases in time period/ # individuals in pop

Question 81

prevalence

Answer 81

#all cases in time period/ pop

Question 82

mortality

Answer 82

deaths due to disease in period/ total diseased pop

Question 83

course of infectious disease In Prague people complain

Answer 83

Incubation- time from exp to 1st sx Prodromal: first vague sign/ sx appear but not characteristic or daignostic Period of invasion: characteristic signs and sx appear, most viruletnt and contagious Convalescence: disappear of sx