lecture five-

Question 1

Compared to most Prokaryotes, how big are most Eukaryotic cells?

Answer 1

prokaryotes- 0.1 to 5.0 micrometers (μm)
eukaryotic cells- 10 to 100 μm

Question 2

explain the value of compartmentalization

Answer 2

Access to Nutrients
Access to the Right Raw Materials
Increased Reaction Rates
- Higher [Enzyme]
- Higher [Substrate]
- The right pH
Keep bad things sequestered
More Gradients
More Signaling Opportunities
Emergency Supplies Stocked

Question 3

Golgi apparatus
what does the Golgi do most

Answer 3

cis and trans face, cis usually faces ER. flattened sacs (cisternae) with a single membrane inside called matrix. Vesicles from ER attach on cis face - fuse to membrane and become part of cisternae - molecule travels through Golgi and is modified (what does the Golgi do most?) leaves on trans face through vesicle budding off.

Question 4

ER: endoplasmic reticulum
smoth and rough

Answer 4

rough and smooth - both have double membranes,
Rough- ribosomes, regular pattern, protein production and modification, ribosomes only on outside.
Smooth- web like, lipid production.

Question 5

Vesicles

Answer 5

transport, storage

Question 6

Vacuole

Answer 6

larger in plants, storage, osmotic pressure

Question 7

Nucleus

Answer 7

contains genetic info DNA

Question 8

nucleolus

Answer 8

RNA transcription, stains different color because different function, not included in the cytoplasm or cytosol.

Question 9

Nuclear Pore complex

Answer 9

lined on the nuclear envelope
ribosomes and DNA exit

Question 10

Nuclear lamina ad laminu

Answer 10

netlike arrangement of protein filaments
lamins - anchor points inside nucleus to assist in chromosomal organization

Question 11

Nuclear envelope

Answer 11

pore structures, double membrane, possibly attached to ER and double membrane might just be extension of ER.

Question 12

Mitochondria , cristae

Answer 12

contains its own DNA, RNA, proteins and ribosomes and can reproduce on own.
double membrane separated by Intermembrane space, mitochondrial matrix inside inner membrane - cristae.

Question 13

Chloroplast

Answer 13

double membrane
membrane around thylakoid (stacks=grana)
inside thylakoid= thylakoid space, site of photosynthesis.
Outside thylakoids = stroma. .

Question 14

Peroxisome:

Answer 14

creates H2O2 to detox cell, single membrane. High number in liver - detox. Others break down lipids

Question 15

Lysosome

Answer 15

single membrane has more acidic ph than cytoplasm
used in phagocytosis and autophagy (self eating)
Main focus- digestion, recycling using digestive enzymes.

Question 16

Flagella

Answer 16

microtubules inside plasma membrane

Question 17

Microvilli

Answer 17

Microvilli - increase SA of cell, not locomotive

Question 18

consider Prokaryotes to display far more diversity than Eukaryotes.
How do you explain why Eukaryotic cells can behave so differently within the same organism (aka with no genetic diversity)?

Question 19

How did Chloroplasts and Mitochondria come to exist in Eukaryotic cells?

Answer 19

Endosymbiotic event- ancestral eukaryote consumed bacteria/photosynthetic bacteria that later evolved into mitochondria or chloroplast

Question 20

What key evidence is there that supports this?

Answer 20

Double membranes
Have own DNA like bacteria and it doesn’t get replicated with the nuclear DNA
Can reproduce on own
Higher ribosomal RNA similarities between cyanobacteria and chloroplasts than with other bacteria
Ribosomal RNA of mitochondria similar to heterotrophic bacteria rRNA