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BIO 233 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the ailmentary canal?

A 
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
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2
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs?

A 
teeth
tongue
gallbladder
salivary glands
liver
pancreas
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3
Q

Define ingestion

A

taking food into the digestive tract

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4
Q

Define propulsion

A

swallowing

peristalsis

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5
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

waves of contraction and relaxation in the muscles in organ walls

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6
Q

What is mechanical digestion??

A

chewing, mixing, and churning food

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7
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

catabolic breakdown of food

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8
Q

What is absorption?

A

movement of nutrients from the GI tract to blood or lymph

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9
Q

What is defecation?

A

elimination of indigestible solid wastes

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10
Q

What do mechano- and chemoreceptors respond to in the GI tract?

A

stretch, osmolarity, pH

presence of substrate, end products of digestion

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11
Q

What do the receptors of the GI tract do?

A

activate or inhibit digestive glands

mix lumen contents and move them along

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12
Q

What are the intrinsic controls of the GI tract?

A

nerve plexuses near the GI tract initiate short reflexes

short reflexes are medicated by local enteric plexuses

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13
Q

What are the extrinsic controls of the GI tract?

A

long reflexes arising within or outside GI tract

CNS centers and extrinsic autonomic nerves

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14
Q

What is GI tract ultimately controlled by?

A

reflex
sympathetic nervous system
Vagus nerve

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15
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

has external visceral layer and internal parietal layer

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16
Q

What does the peritoneal cavity do?

A

lubricates digestive organs and allows them to slide across one another

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17
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

double layer of the peritoneum

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18
Q

What does the mesentery do?

A

provides vascular and nerve supplies to the viscera

hold digestive organs in place and store fat

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19
Q

Look up which organs are retroperitoneal and peritoneal

A

**

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20
Q

What arteries make up the splanchnic circulation?

A

hepatic
splenic
left gastric
inferior and superior mesenteric

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21
Q

What does the hepatic portal circulation do?

A

collects nutrient-rich venous blood from the digestive viscera
delivers this blood to the liver for metabolic processing and storage

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22
Q

What is the mucosa?

A

moist epithelial layer that lines the lumen of the alimentary canal
consists of three layers: lining epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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23
Q

Describe the epithelial lining of the mucosa

A

simple columnar epithelium and mucus-secreting goblet cells

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24
Q

What does mucus secretion do?

A

protect digestive organs from digesting themselves

ease food along the tract

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25
What do stomach and small intestine mucosa contain?
enzyme-secreting cells hormone-secreting cells these organs are both digestive and endocrine organs
26
Describe the lamina propria of the mucosa
loose areolar and reticular connective tissue nourishes the epithelium and absorbs the nutrients contains lymph nodes - important in defense against bacteria
27
Describe the muscularis mucosae of the mucosa
smooth muscle cells that produce local movements of mucosa | scant layer
28
What is the submucosa?
dense connective tissue containing elastic fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and nerves
29
What is the muscularis externa?
responsible for segmentation and peristalsis | inner circular and longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
30
What is the serosa?
protective visceral peritoneum replaced by fibrous adventitia in the esophagus retroperitoneal organs have both an adventitia and serosa
31
What does the submucosal nerve plexus do?
regulates glands and smooth muscle in the mucosa
32
What does the myenteric nerve plexus do?
major nerve supply that controls GI tract mobility
33
What controls segmentation and peristalsis?
autonomic NS, local reflex arc, and myenteric nerve plexus | largely automatic
34
Describe the mouth
lined with stratified squamous epithelium withstands abrasion gums, hard palate, dorsum of tongue slightly keratinized
35
What are the muscles of the lips and cheeks?
orbicularis oris and buccinators
36
What is the vestibule of the mouth?
bounded by the lips and cheeks externally, and teeth and gums internally
37
What is the oral cavity proper?
area that lies within the teeth and gums | no absorption happens within the oral cavity
38
What is the labial frenulum?
median fold that joins the internal aspect of each lip to the gum
39
What is the hard palate?
underlain by palatine bones and palatine processes of the maxilla assists in chewing slightly corrugated on either side of the midline ridge
40
What is the soft palate?
mobile fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing uvula projects down from its free edge
41
What are the functions of the tongue?
gripping and repositioning food mixing food with saliva and forming the bolus initiation of swallowing and speech
42
What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?
change the shape of the tongue | make the tongue thicker, thinner, longer
43
What do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do?
alter the tongues position | protrude, extract, side to side
44
What are the three types of papillae?
filiform - give tongue roughness and provide friction fungiform - give tongue reddish color circumvallate - V shaped row in back of tongue
45
What is the sulcus terminalis of the tongue?
groove that separates tongue into two areas anterior 2/3 in oral cavity posterior third in oropharynx
46
What is the role of saliva?
cleanses the mouth moistens and dissolves food chemicals aids in bolus formation contains enzymes that break down starch
47
Describe the parotid gland
extrinsic salivary glands lies anterior to the ear between the masseter muscle and skin duct opens into the vestibule next to second upper molar
48
Describe the submandibular gland
extrinsic salivary gland lies along the medial aspect of the mandibular body ducts open at the base of the lingual frenulum
49
Describe the sublingual glands
extrinsic salivary gland lies anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue opens via 10-12 ducts into the floor of the mouth
50
Where is saliva secreted from?
serous and mucous cells of salivary glands
51
What does saliva consist of?
electrolytes - sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, HCO3 digestive enzyme salivary amylase proteins - mucin, lysozyme, defensins, IgA metabolic wastes - urea and uric acid
52
What do intrinsic glands do in salivation?
minor glands | keep the mouth moist
53
What do extrinsic salivary glands do?
secrete serous, enzyme-rich saliva in response to ingested food and the thought of food
54
What does the sympathetic system do to salivary glands?
inhibits salivation | dry mouth
55
When are permanent teeth in the mouth?
21 years
56
Describe the primary set of teeth
20 deciduous teeth that erupt between 6 and 24 months
57
Describe permanent teeth takeover
enlarge and develop, causing the root of the deciduous teeth to be resorbed and fall out between 6 and 12 years all but the third molars have erupted by the end of adolescence usually 32 permanent teeth
58
What are incisors?
chisel-shaped teeth for cutting or nipping
59
What are the canines?
fanglike teeth that tear or pierce
60
What are the premolars and molars?
broad crowns with rounded tips best suited for grinding or crushing during chewing, upper and lower molars lock together, generating crushing force
61
What is the shorthand for ratio of upper to lower teeth in primary teeth?
2I, 1C, 2M
62
What is the shorthand for ratio of upper to lower teeth in permanent teeth?
2I, 1C, 2PM, 3M
63
What is the crown of the tooth?
exposed part of the tooth above the gingiva
64
What is enamel?
acellular, brittle material composed of calcium salts and hydroxyapatite crystals hardest substance in the body encapsules crown
65
What is the root?
portion of the tooth embedded in the jaw bone
66
What is cementum?
calcified connective tissue covers the root attaches it to the periodontal ligament
67
What is the periodontal ligament?
anchors the tooth in the alveolus of the jaw | forms the fibrous joint called a gomphosis - only place where this is found
68
What is the neck of the tooth?
constriction where the crown and root come together
69
What is the gingival sulcus?
depression where the gingiva borders the tooth
70
What is the dentin?
bonelike material deep to the enamel cap that forms the bulk of the tooth
71
What is the pulp cavity?
cavity surrounded by dentin that contains pulps
72
What is the pulp of the tooth?
connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves | responsible for tooth sensation
73
What is the root canal?
portion of the pulp cavity that extends into the root
74
What is the apical foramen?
proximal opening to the root canal
75
What are odontoblasts?
secrete and maintain dentin throughout life
76
What are dental caries?
gradual demineralization of enamel and dentin by bacterial action
77
How does dental carries pan out?
dental plaque, sugar, bacteria, mouth debris adheres to teeth acid produced by bacteria dissolve calcium salts organic matter is digested by proteolytic enzymes
78
What is gingivitis?
plaque accumulates, calcifies and forms calculus or tartar this disrupts seal between gingivae and teeth puts gums at risk for infection
79
What is periodontitis?
serious gum disease resulting from an immune response immune system attacks intruders as well as body tissues carves pockets around the teeth and dissolves bone
80
Describe the pharynx
lines with stratified squamous epithelium and mucus glands | has two skeletal muscle layers - inner longitudinal and outer pharyngeal constrictors
81
What does the pharynx allow?
oro- and laryngopharynx allow passage of food and fluids to the esophagus air to the trachea
82
Describe the esophagus
muscular tube going from the laryngopharynx to the stomach travels through the mediastinum and pierces the diaphragm joins stomach at the cardiac orifice
83
What is the esophageal mucosa?
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
84
Describe how the esophagus transports food
empty esophagus is folded longitudinally and flattened glands secrete mucus as bolus moves through muscularis changes from skeletal (superior) to smooth muscle (inferior)
85
What are the digestive processes in the mouth?
food is ingested mechanical digestion begins (chewing) propulsion is initiated by swallowing salivary amylase begins chemical breakdown of starch pharynx and esophagus serve as conduits to the stomach
86
What does swallowing incorporate?
coordinated activity of tongue, soft palate, parhynx, esophagus, and 22 separate muscle groups
87
What is the buccal phase?
bolus is forced into the oropharynx | this is voluntary
88
What happens during the pharyngeal-esophageal phase?
controlled by medulla and lower pons all routes except into digestive tract are sealed off this is involuntary

BIO 233 Anatomy OIT (6 decks)

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