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BIO 233 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 2 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Where is the lesser omentum found?

A

runs from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach

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2
Q

Where is the greater omentum found?

A

drapes inferiorly from the greater curvature to the small intestine

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3
Q

What is the nerve supply of the stomach?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers of the autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

What is the blood supply of the stomach?

A 
celiac trunk from abdominal aorta
corresponding veins (part of the hepatic portal system)
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5
Q

What does the muscularis layer of the stomach do?

A

allows stomach to churn, mix, and pummel food physically

breaks down food into smaller fragments

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6
Q

Describe the epithelial lining of the stomach

A

composed of goblet cells that produce alkaline mucus

mucous surface layer traps a bicarbonate-rich fluid beneath it

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7
Q

What does the gastric pit contain?

A

gastric glands that secrete gastric juice, mucus, and gastrin

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8
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

converts food to chyme

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9
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

plays essential role in regulating stomach secretion and motility

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10
Q

What do mucous neck cells do in the stomach?

A

secrete acid mucus

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11
Q

What do parietal cells of the stomach do?

A

secrete HCl and intrinsic factor

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12
Q

What do the chief cells of the stomach do?

A

produce pepsinogen

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13
Q

What does pepsinogen do in the stomach?

A

activated to pepsin by HCl and pepsin itself via positive feedback mechanism

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14
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells of the stomach do?

A 
secrete gastrin
histamine
endorphins
serotonin
CCK
somatostatin
all into the lamina propria
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15
Q

How does the stomach combat digesting itself?

A

mucosal barrier:
thick coat of bicarbonate-rich mucus on the stomach wall
epithelial cells that are joined by tight junctions
gastric glands have cells that are impermeable to HCl
damaged epithelial cells are replaced quickly

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16
Q

What does the stomach ultimately do?

A

holds ingested food
degrades food physically and chemically
delivers chyme to small intestine
enzymatically digests proteins with pepsin
secretes intrinsic factor required for absorption of B12

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17
Q

What is vitamin B12 essential for?

A

RBC synthesis

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18
Q

What is the cephalic phase?

A

phase prior to food entry

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19
Q

What are excitatory events of the cephalic phase?

A

sight or thought of food

stimulation of taste or smell receptors

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20
Q

What are inhibitory events of the cephalic phase?

A

loss of appetite or depression

decrease in stimulation of the parasympathetic division

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21
Q

When is the gastric phace?

A

once food enters the stomach

~3-4 hours

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22
Q

What are excitatory events of the gastric phase?

A

stomach distension
activation of stretch receptors (neural activation)
activation of chemoreceptors by peptides, caffeine, and rising pH
release of gastrin to the blood

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23
Q

What are inhibitory events of the gastric phase?

A

a pH lower than 2

emotional upset that overrides the parasympathetic division (stress, fear, anxiety)

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24
Q

What is the intestinal phase?

A

when partially digested food enters the duodenum

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25
What are excitatory events of the intestinal phase?
low pH | partially digested food enters the duodenum and encourages gastric gland activity
26
What are inhibitory events of the intestinal phase?
distension of duodenum presence of fatty, acidic, or hypertonic chyme irritants in the duodenum
27
What happens during the inhibitory phase of intestinal phase?
initiates inhibition of local reflexes and vagal nuclei closes pyloric sphincter releases enterogastrones that inhibit gastric secretion
28
What is the enterogastric reflex?
inhibits parasympathetic function inhibits local reflex activates parasympathetic function protects small intestine of too much acidity
29
What stimulates HCl secretion?
ACh histamine gastrin all through second-messenger systems
30
When is release of HCL low? High?
low if only one ligand binds to parietal cells | high if all three ligands bind to parietal cells
31
What decreases HCl secretion?
antihistamines block H2 receptors which decreases HCl release
32
Describe typical stomach pressure
remains constant until about 1.5L of food is ingested | results from receptive relaxation and gastric accommodation
33
What is receptive relaxation?
as food travels in the esophagus, stomach muscles relax
34
What happens during accommodation of the stomach?
plasticity stomach dilates in response to gastric filling intrinsic ability of smooth muscle to exhibit stress-relaxation response
35
Describe gastric contractility
peristaltic waves move toward the pylorus at a rate of 3/min | basic electrical rhythm (BER) is initiated by pacemaker cells known as the cells of Cajal
36
Where is peristalsis most vigorous in the stomach?
near the pylorus
37
What happens to chyme in the stomach?
it is either delivered in small amounts to the duodenum or forced backwards into the stomach for further mixing
38
What regulates gastric emptying?
neural enterogastric reflex | hormonal mechanisms
39
What do the hormonal mechanisms do of gastric emptying?
inhibit gastric secretion and duodenal filling
40
What travels through the duodenum quickly? Slowly?
carbohydrate-rich chyme moves quickly | fat-laden chyme travels slowly therefore remains in stomach longer
41
What is the liver remarkable for?
largest gland in the body
42
What does the falciform ligament do in the liver?
separates the right and left lobes anteriorly | suspends the liver from the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall
43
What does the ligamentum teres do?
round ligament is a remnant of the fetal umbilical cord runs along the free edge of the falciform ligament
44
What does the lesser omentum do?
anchors the liver to the stomach
45
Where do hepatic blood vessels enter the liver?
porta hepatis
46
Where will you find the gallbladder?
in a recess on the inferior surface of the right lobe of the liver
47
How does bile leave the liver?
bile ducts which fuses into the common hepatic duct, which fuses with the cystic duct
48
What are the functional/structural units of the liver?
hexagonal-shaped liver lobules
49
Describe the liver lobules
composed of hepatocyte plates radiating outward from a central vein portal triads are found at each of the six corners of each lobule
50
What do portal triads consist of?
bile duct hepatic artery -supplies blood to the liver hepatic portal vein - carries venous blood with nutrients from digestive viscera
51
What are liver sinusoids?
enlarged leaky capillaries located between hepatic plates
52
What are Kupffer cells?
hepatic macrophages found in liver sinusoids
53
What are the functions of hepatocytes?
production of bile processing blood born nutrients storage of fat-soluble vitamins detoxification
54
Where does secreted bile flow?
between hepatocytes towards the bile ducts in the portal triads
55
Describe bile
yellow-green alkaline solution containing bile saltes, bile pigments, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, and electrolytes
56
What do bile salts do?
cholesterol derivatives emulsify fat facilitate fat and cholesterol absorption help solubilize cholesterol
57
What is the pathway of bile?
enterohepatic circulation recycles bile salts | bile salt to the ileum to blood to portal vein back to liver for formation of new bile
58
What is the chief pigment of bile?
bilirubin | waste product of heme
59
What is the gallbladder?
thin-walled green muscular sac on the ventral surface of the liver
60
What does the gallbladder do?
stores and concentrates bile by absorbing its water and ions | releases bile via the cystic duct, which flows into the bile duct
61
What happens when chyme reaches the duodenum? (hormonal)
duodenum releases cholecystokinin and secretin into the blood
62
What does secretin do?
bile salts and secretin stimulate the liver to produce bile
63
What neural control happens with the gallbladder?
vagal stimulation causes weak contractions of the gallbladder
64
What does CCK cause?
causes the gallbladder to contract hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax bile enters the duodenum
65
Where is the pancreas located?
deep to the greater curvature of the stomach | head is encircled by the duodenum and the tail abuts the spleen
66
What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
secretes pancreatic juice which breaks down all categories of foodstuff (carbs, proteins, lipids) acini (clusters of secretory cells) contain zymogen granules with digestive enzymes
67
What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
releasing insulin and glucagon
68
What does pancreatic juice contain?
water solution of enzymes and electrolytes (primarily HCO3)
69
What does pancreatic juice do?
neutralizes acid chyme | provides optimal environment for pancreatic enzymes
70
How are enzymes released from the pancreas?
in active form | in inactive form then activated in the duodenum
71
What are the inactive enzymes released by the pancreas and then activated in the duodenum?
trypsinogen is activated to tripsin | procarboxyapeptidase is activated to carboxyapeptidase
72
What are the active enzymes released by the pancreas?
amylase lipases nucleases these enzymes require ions or bile for optimal activity
73
What does CCK do once it reaches the pancreas?
induces the secretion of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice
74
What does secretin do once it reaches the pancreas?
causes secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice
75
What neuronal stimulation affects the pancreas?
vagal stimulation causes release of pancreatic juice

BIO 233 Anatomy OIT (6 decks)

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