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BIO 233 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

<p>Define nutrient</p>

A

<p>a substance that promotes normal growth, maintenance, and repair</p>

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2
Q

<p>What are the major nutrients?</p>

A

<p>carbohydrates, lipids, proteins</p>

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3
Q

<p>What are other nutrients?</p>

A

<p>vitamins and minerals

| water</p>

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4
Q

<p>Define metabolism</p>

A

<p>all chemical reactions necessary to maintain life</p>

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5
Q

<p>What is an anabolic reaction?</p>

A

<p>synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones</p>

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6
Q

<p>What is a catabolic reaction?</p>

A

<p>hydrolysis of complex structures into simpler ones</p>

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7
Q

<p>What happens during cellular respiration? (vague)</p>

A

<p>food fuels are broken down within cells and some of the energy is captured to produce ATP</p>

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8
Q

<p>What do enzymes do during cellular respiration?</p>

A

<p>shift the high energy phosphate groups of ATP to other molecules
these phosphorylated molecules are activated to perform cellular functions</p>

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9
Q

<p>What are the three major stages of metabolism?</p>

A

<p>digestion
anabolism
oxidative breakdown
occurs in the mitochondria</p>

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10
Q

<p>What happens during digestion?</p>

A

<p>breakdown of food

| nutrients are transported to tissues</p>

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11
Q

<p>What happens during anabolism of metabolism?</p>

A

<p>nutrients are built into lipids, proteins, and glycogen

| nutrients are broken down by catabolic pathways to pyruvic acid and acetyl CoA</p>

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12
Q

<p>What happens during oxidative breakdown of metabolism?</p>

A

<p>nutrients are catabolized to carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
complete breakdown of foods</p>

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13
Q

<p>What catalyzes redox reactions?</p>

A

<p>enzymes

| dehydrogenases</p>

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14
Q

<p>When does oxidation occur?</p>

A

<p>gain of oxygen

| loss of hydrogen</p>

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15
Q

<p>What is a rule of thumb for redox reactions?</p>

A

<p>whenever one substance is oxidized, another substance is reduced</p>

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16
Q

<p>What are the energy shifts in redox reactions?</p>

A

<p>oxidized substances lose energy

| reduced substances gain energy</p>

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17
Q

<p>What do coenzymes do in redox reactions?</p>

A

<p>act as hydrogen/electron acceptors</p>

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18
Q

<p>What are the two important coenzymes and what are they derived from?</p>

A

<p>nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) - derived from B3 niacin
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) - derived from B2</p>

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19
Q

<p>Where does substrate level phosphorylation occur?</p>

A

<p>cytoplasm and mitochondria</p>

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20
Q

<p>What happens during substrate level phosphorylation?</p>

A

<p>high-energy phosphate groups are transferred directly from phosphorylated sunstrates to ADP
ATP is synthesized in glycolysis and Krebs cycle</p>

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21
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

only occurs in the mitochondria

uses chemiosmotic process whereby the movement of substances across a membrane is coupled to chemical reactions

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22
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

carried out by electron transport proteins in the cristae of the mitochondria

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23
Q

Give a brief overview of oxidative phosphorylation

A

nutrient energy is used to pump H+ into intermembrane space
steep diffusion gradient results
H+ ions flow back across membrane through ATP synthase
energy is captured and added to ADP

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24
Q

Where do the bile duct and main pancreatic duct join the duodenum?

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

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25
What are the bile duct and main pancreatic duct controlled by?
sphincter of Oddi
26
What is the purpose of the structural modifications of the small intestine?
increases surface area | ideal for absorption
27
What are the plicae circulares?
deep circular folds of the mucosa and submucosa
28
What are the villi?
fingerlike extensions of the mucosa
29
What are the microvilli?
tiny projections of absorptive mucosal cells plasma membranes
30
What is the epithelium of the mucosa of the small intestine made up of?
absorptive cells and goblet cells enteroendocrine cells interspersed T cells called intraempithelial lymphocytes (IELs)
31
What do IELs do?
release cytokines upon encountering Ag
32
What do the cells of intestinal crypts do?
secrete intestinal juice
33
What are found in the submucosa?
Peyer's patches
34
What are Brunner's glands?
found in the duodenum | release alkaline mucus
35
What are Paneth's cells?
fortifying small intestine defenses by releasing antimicrobial agents defensins and lysozymes
36
What is intestinal juice?
slightly alkaline and isotonic with blood plasma largely water enzyme poor contains mucus provides little of what is needed for digestion
37
What secretes intestinal juice?
intestinal glands | in response to distension or irritation of the mucosa
38
What is the status of nutrients when chyme enters the duodenum?
carbohydrates and proteins are only partially digested and no fat digestion has taken place
39
Describe how digestion continues in the small intestine
chyme is released slowly into the duodenum mixing is required for proper digestion due to low pH required substances needed are supplied by the liver and pancreas virtually all nutrient absorption takes place here
40
What is the most common motion of the small intestine?
segmentation | contents moved steadily toward the ileocecal valve
41
What cells initiate segmentation in the small intestine?
Cajal cells in the circular smooth muscle
42
What happens after nutrients have been absorbed in SI?
peristalsis begins with each wave starting distal to the previous meal remnants, bacteria, mucosal cells, and debris are moved into the large intestine
43
What coordinate intestinal motility?
local enteric neurons of the GI tract
44
What do cholinergic neurons cause in SI?
contraction and shortening of the circular muscle layer shortening of longitudinal muscle distension of the intestine
45
What do non cholinergic impulses do to the SI?
relax the circular muscle
46
What do gastroileal reflex and gastrin do to SI?
relax the ileocecal sphincter allow chyme to pass into the large intestine ensures contents of stomach are completely removed
47
How do fatty acids and monoglycerides enter interstitial cells?
diffusion
48
What happens to fatty acids after they have entered interstitial cells?
combined with proteins within the cells resulting chylomicrons are extruded they enter lacteals and are transported to the circulation via lymph
49
How does fat digestion happen?
lipase breaks fat down to fatty acids/monoglycerides polar end of bile salt binds to fatty acid forming micelles micelles ferry fatty acids to intestinal wall fatty acids detach and diffuse into epithelial cells recombined with proteins and form chylomicrons enter lacteals and are carried away by lymph
50
How are nucleic acids absorbed?
active transport via membrane carriers | absorbed in villi and transported to the liver via hepatic portal vein
51
What enzymes are used in nucleic acid absorption?
pancreatic ribonucleases | deoxyribose in small intestines
52
How are electrolytes absorbed?
actively along the small intestine | requires energy
53
How is Na+ absorbed?
coupled with absorption of glucose and amino acids
54
How is ionic iron absorbed?
transported into mucosal cells | binds to ferritin
55
How are anions absorbed?
passively follow the electrical potential established by Na+
56
How is potassium absorbed?
across the intestinal mucosa in response to osmotic gradients
57
How is calcium regulated?
regulated to blood levels of ionic calcium | regulated by vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (increases Ca2+)
58
Describe water absorption
95 % happens in SI by osmosis moves in both directions across mucosa coupled with solute uptake as water moves into mucosal cells, substances follow along their concentration gradient
59
When does net osmosis occur?
whenever a concentration gradient is established by active transport of solutes into the mucosal cells
60
What causes malabsorption of nutrients?
anything that interferes with delivery of bile or pancreatic juice
61
What is gluten enteropathy?
celiacs | gluten damages the intestinal villi and reduces the length of microvilli
62
What is the teniae coli?
three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in the muscularis of LI
63
What are the haustra?
pocketlike sacs caused by the tone of the teniae coli in LI
64
What are the epiploic appendages?
fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum | significance unknown
65
Describe the cecum
lies below the ileocecal valve in the right iliac fossa | contains a wormlike vermiform appendix
66
How are the transverse and sigmoid portions anchored?
mesenteries known as mesocolons | intraperitoneal
67
Where are the ascending and descending portions of the colon located?
retroperitoneal
68
Where is the anal canal found?
external to the peritoneal cavity | last segment of large intestine
69
What stops feces from being passed with gas?
three valves of the rectum
70
Describe the internal sphincter of the anus
composed of smooth muscle involuntary remains closed aside from time of defecation
71
Describe the external sphincter of the anus
skeletal muscle voluntary remains closed aside from time of defecation
72
What cells line the colon mucosa?
``` simple columnar epithelium no villie no secretory cells no enzymes numerous deep crypts lined with goblet cells ```
73
What cells line the anal mucosa?
stratified squamous epithelium
74
What do the anal sinuses do?
exude mucus and compress feces
75
Describe the vasculature of the anus
superficial venous plexuses | inflammation results in itchy varicosities called hemorrhoids
76
What are anal columns?
longitudinal folds superior to the pectinate line | aids in emptying anal canal
77
What does the bacterial flora of the large intestine consist of?
bacteria surviving the small intestine that enter the cecum | those entering via the anus
78
What does the bacterial flora do?
colonize the colon ferment indigestible carbohydrates release irritating acids and gases synthesize B complex vitamins and vitamin K
79
What are the functions of the large intestine?
main function is propulsion of fecal matter toward anus not essential for life no digestion
80
Describe haustral contractions
slow segmenting movements that move the contents of the colon sequentially contract as they are stimulated by the distension
81
What does presence of food in the stomach do to LI?
activates gastrocolic reflex | initiates peristalsis that forces contents towards the rectum
82
Describe what happens during defecation
rectal wall distended by feces stimulates contraction of the rectal walls relaxes the internal anal sphincter voluntary signals stimulate relaxation of the external anal sphincter
83
What is Valsalva's maneuver?
contraction of diaphragm, abdominal muscles, levator ani muscle increases abdominal pressure aids in defecation

BIO 233 Anatomy OIT (6 decks)

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