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BIO 233 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the overall reaction of the oxication of glucose?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6H2O + 6CO2 + 32 ATP + heat

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2
Q

What happens during glycolysis (vague)?

A

glucose is oxidized into pyruvic acid
NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+
ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation

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3
Q

What is the fate of pyruvic acid?

A

moves on to Krebs cycle in an aerobic pathway

is reduced to lactic acid in an anaerobic environment

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4
Q

What happens during phase one of glycolysis?

A

sugar activation

2 ATP molecules activate glucose into fructose-1,6-diphosphate

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5
Q

What happens during phase two of glycolysis?

A

oxidation and ATP formation
3 carbon sugars are oxidized, reducing NAD+
inorganic phosphate groups are attached to each oxidized fragment
terminal phosphates are cleaved and captured by ADP to form 4 ATP

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6
Q

What are the final products of glycolysis?

A

two pyruvic acid molecules
two NADH+ H+ molecules
net gain of two ATP molecules

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7
Q

What is the importance of glucose?

A

neurons and RBCs rely almost entirely on glucose for energy

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8
Q

What happens with excess glucose?

A

converted to glycogen or fat

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9
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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10
Q

What fuels the Krebs cycle?

A

pyruvic acid and fattys acids

8 step cycle

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11
Q

What happens during the decarboxylation of the Krebs cycle?

A

carbon is removed from pyruvic acid

CO2 is released into bloodstream

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12
Q

What happens during oxidation of the Krebs cycle?

A

hydrogen atoms are removed from pyruvic acid

NAD+ is reduced to NAD+ H+

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13
Q

What is the final step of the Krebs cycle?

A

formation of acetyl CoA

resulting acetic acid is combined with coenzyme A, a sulfur containing coenzyme, to form acetyl coA

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14
Q

What are the final products of the Krebs cycle?

A 
3 NAD+ H+
1 FADH2
2 CO2
1 ATP
1 glucose = 2 acetyl CoAs entering the Krebs cycle
aka 1 glucose = 2 krebs cycles
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15
Q

What happens during the electron transport chain?

A

glucose is oxidized
hydrogens are transported by coenzymes NADH and FADH2
they enter a chain of proteins bound to metal ions (cofactors)
combine with molecular oxygen to form water
release energy

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16
Q

What happens to the energy released by electron transport chain?

A

harnessed to attach inorganic phosphate groups to ADP, making ATP through oxidative phosphorylation

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17
Q

Describe what happens to the hydrogens in the mechanisms of oxidative phosphorylation

A

split into protons and electrons

protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane by NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrom b-ci, cytochrome oxidase

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18
Q

What happens to the electrons?

A

electrons are delivered to oxygen, forming oxygen ions
oxygen ions attract H+ to form water
H+ pumped into intermembrane space
diffuses back to the matrix via ATP synthase
releases energy to make ATP

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19
Q

How much ATP is created from NADH + H+?

A

2.5 ATP

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20
Q

How much ATP is created from FADH2?

A

1.5 ATP

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21
Q

Break down the energy generated from one glucose molecule

A

1 glucose
glycolysis - 2 ATP
Krebs - 2 ATP
ETC - 28 ATP

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22
Q

What does the electrochemical proton gradient across the inner membrane do?

A

creates a pH gradient
generates a voltage gradient
these gradients cause H+ to flow back into the matrix via ATP synthase

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23
Q

Describe ATP synthase

A

consists of a rotor (membrane), knob (matrix) and rod (connects the two)
current created by H+ causes rotor and rod to rotate
rotation activates catalytic site in the knob where ADP and P are combined

24
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

formation of glycogen when glucose supplies exceed cellular need for ATP synthesis
occurs in liver and skeletal muscle

25
What is glycogenolysis?
breakdown of glycogen in response to low blood glucose
26
What is gluconeogenesis?
the process of forming new glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules takes place in the liver protects the body and brain from hypoglycemia
27
What fats are routinely oxidized for energy?
only neutral fats free fatty acids glycerol triglycerides
28
What happens to glycerol?
converted to glyceraldehyde phosphate ultimately converted to acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA enters Krebs cycle
29
What happens during beta oxidation
fatty acids undergo this and produce two-carbon acetic acid fragments, which enter the Krebs cycle reduced coenzymes produced which enter ETC
30
What happens to excess dietary glycerol and fatty acids?
lipogenesis to form triglycerides
31
Why is glucose easily converted into fat?
because acetyl CoA is an intermediate in glucose catabolism and the starting molecule for the synthesis of fatty acids
32
What is lipolysis?
the breakdown of stored fat | essentially lipogensis in reverse
33
What is oxaloacetic acid's importance?
necessary for the complete oxidation of fat | without it, acetyl CoA is converted into ketones
34
What does the liver do involving fats/cholesterol?
synthesizes lipoproteins for transport of cholesterol and fats makes tissue factor, a clotting factor synthesizes cholesterol from acetyl CoA uses cholesterol to form bile salts
35
Give a summary of liver functions
packages fatty acids to be stored and transported synthesizes plasma proteins forms nonessential amino acids converts ammonia from deamination to urea stores glucose as glycogen regulates blood glucose homeostasis stores vitamins, conserves iron, degrades hormones, detoxifies substances
36
What is the significance of cholesterol?
structural basis of bile salts, steroid hormones, vitamin D makes up part of hedgehog molecule - directs embryonic development transported to and from tissues via lipoproteins
37
What are the three types of lipoproteins?
HDL - more protein content LDL - considerable cholesterol component VLDL - mostly triglycerides
38
What is the main source of VLDLs?
the liver | these transport glycerides to peripheral tissues, especially adipose
39
What is the function of LDLs?
transport cholesterol to the peripheral tissues and regulate cholesterol synthesis
40
What do HDLs do?
transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver serve the needs of steroid-producing organs
41
What do high levels of HDL do?
they are thought to protect against heart attack
42
What do high levels of LDL do?
increase risk of heart attack by promoting plaque formation
43
When does the liver produce cholesterol?
produces 85% dietary intake (15%) produced via negative feedback loop involving serum cholesterol levels in response to saturated fatty acids
44
How do fatty acids regulate excretion of cholesterol?
unsaturated fatty acids enhance excretion saturated fatty acids inhibit excretion certain unsaturated fatty acids lower the proportions of cholesterol (omega 3)
45
What are some non-dietary factors affecting cholesterol?
stress, cigarette smoking, coffee increase LDL | aerobic exercise increases HDL
46
How does body shape correlate with cholesterol levels?
fat carried on upper body = high cholesterol levels | fat carried on lower body = low cholesterol levels
47
What do amino acids form?
all protein structures | the bulk of the body's functional molecules
48
Where do amino acids come from?
all amino acids must be provided from the diet
49
What does excess dietary protein result in?
amino acids are oxidized for energy | converted into fat for storage
50
How are amino acids converted into energy?
must be deaminated prior to oxidation | converted into pyruvic acid and one of the keto acid intermediates of the Krebs cycle
51
What are the events that convert proteins into energy?
transamination oxidative deamination keto acid modification
52
What happens during transamination>
switching of an amine group from an amino acid to a keto acid typically, glutamic acid is formed in this process
53
What happens during oxidative deamination?
the amine group of glutamic acid is released as ammonia, combined with CO2 in the liver, exerted as urea by the kidneys
54
What happens during keto acid modification?
keto acids from transamination are altered to produce metabolites that can enter the Krebs cycle
55
What metabolic state does the body exist in?
catabolic-anabolic
56
What is the amino acid pool?
body's total supply of free amino acids | source for resynthesizing body proteins, forming amino acid derivatives, gluconeogenesis
57
How do carbohydrates/fat differ from the amino acid pool?
fats and carbohydrates are oxidized directly to produce energy excess carbohydrate and fat can be stored

BIO 233 Anatomy OIT (6 decks)

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