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BIO 233 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 5 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 5 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What are vitamins?

A

organic compounds needed for growth and good health

not used for energy

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2
Q

What are the functions of vitamins (vague)?

A

crucial in helping the body use nutrients

often function as coenzymes

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3
Q

What vitamins are synthesized in the body?

A

D (skin)
K (intestine)
B (intestine)

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4
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

B and C

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5
Q

What is unique about B12 absorption?

A

it requires gastric intrinsic factor to be absorbed

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6
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins and how are they digested?

A

A, D, E, K

bind to ingested lipids and are absorbed with their digestion products

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7
Q

What is vitamin B1?

A

thiamin
coenzyme for the pyruvate catalyzed reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway
oxidation of alcohol

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8
Q

What does deficiency of B1 do?

A

reduced capacity of cells to generate. energy

Beriberi syndrome - caused by white rice or excessive alcohol

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9
Q

What is vitamin B2?

A

riboflavin

coenzymes FMN and FAD to form FMNH2 and FADH2

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10
Q

What does a deficiency in B2 cause?

A

dermatitis
cheilosis
blurred vision
light sensitivity

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11
Q

What is vitamin B3?

A

niacin
required for synthesis of NAD+
coenzyme in glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, DNA repair

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12
Q

What does a deficiency in vitamin B3 do?

A

early - headache, loss of appetite

late - dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death

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13
Q

What is vitamin B5?

A

required for synthesis of coenzyme A

required for the metabolism of carbohydrate via the TCA cycle and all fats and proteins

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14
Q

What does a deficiency in vitamin B5 do?

A

neuromuscular degeneration
loss of appetite
mental depression
abdominal pains

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15
Q

What is vitamin B6?

A

pyridoxal
efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate
this functions as a cofactor in enzymes involved in transamination reactions and glycogenolysis

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16
Q

What happens during a deficiency of vitamin B6?

A

infants - nervous irritability, anemia

adults - increased risk of heart disease

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17
Q

What is vitamin B7?

A

biotin
coenzyme for carboxylation, decarboxylation, deamination
essential for Krebs cycle

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18
Q

What happens during a deficiency of vitamin B7?

A

scaly skin, muscle pains, nausea, elevated blood cholesterol levels

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19
Q

What is vitamin B12?

A

cyanocobalamin
coenzyme in all cells
important in DNA synthesis in bone marrow

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20
Q

What happens during B12 deficiency?

A

pernicious anemia

neurological disturbance

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21
Q

What is vitamin C?

A

ascorbic acid
antioxidant
enhances iron absorption and bioavailability
essential in conversion of tryptophan to serotonin and of cholesterol to bile salts

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22
Q

What happens during vitamin D deficiency?

A

joint pains, poor bone growth, poor wound healing, more susceptible to infection

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23
Q

What is vitamin A?

A

retinol
consists of three biologically active molecules (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid)
required for photoreceptor pigments synthesis, integrity of skin, and reproductive function
antioxidant
essential for normal bone development

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24
Q

What happens during vitamin A deficiency?

A

night blindness
epithelial changes
increases infections

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25
What is vitamin D?
antirachitic factor steroid hormone that functions to regulate specific gene expression following interaction with its intracellular receptor functions primarily to regulate calcium and phosphorous homeostasis increases calcium blood levels by enhancing absorption of calcium mobilizes calcium from the bone with PTH
26
What results from vitamin D deficiency?
antisterility factor | antioxidant removing free radicals
27
What results from Vitamin E deficiency?
hemolysis of RBCs, fragile capillaries
28
What is vitamin K
coagulation factor intermediate in ETC essential for formation of clotting proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation in all cells
29
What happens in vitamin K deficiency?
easy bruising and bleeding
30
What minerals are found in the body? (7)
``` calcium phosphorous potassium sulfur sodium chloride magnesium ```
31
What do minerals do?
work with nutrients to ensure proper body functioning | not used for fuel
32
What do ca, p, and mg all do?
harden bone
33
What do na and cl do?
help maintain normal osmolarity, water balance, and are essential in nerve and muscle function
34
Why must mineral uptake and excretion be balanced?
to prevent toxic overload
35
How are most ions found in the body?
ionized in fluids | bound to organic compounds to form phospholipids, hormones, enzymes, and other functional proteins
36
What is the respiratory zone?
site of gas exchange | consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
37
What is the conducting zone?
conduits for air to reach the sites of gas exchange | includes all other respiratory stuctures (nose, pharynx, trachea)
38
What is the major function of the respiratory system?
supply the blood with oxygen and dispose of CO2
39
What are the four things that must happen for respiration?
pulmonary ventilation - air into and out of lungs external respiration - gas exchange between lungs and blood transport - of CO2 and O2 between lungs and tissues internal respiration - gas exchange between blood and tissues
40
What are the functions of the nose?
providing an airway for respiration moistening and warming the entering air filtering inspired air and cleaning it of foreign matter serving as a resonating chamber for speech housing olfactory receptor
41
Describe the vestibule of the nose
nasal cavity superior to the nares
42
What are the vibrissae of the nose?
hairs that filter coarse particles from inspired air
43
What are the olfactory mucosa of the nose?
lines the superior nasal cavity | contains smell receptors
44
What is the respiratory mucosa?
lines the balance of the nasal cavity | glands secrete mucus containing lysozyme and defensins to destroy bacteria
45
What happens to inspired air?
humidified by high water content in nasal cavity | warmed by rich plexuses of capillaries
46
What do ciliated mucosal cells do?
remove contaminated mucus
47
What do the nasal conchae do?
increase mucosal area enhance air turbulence and help filter air filter, heat, moisten air upon inspiration reclaim heat and moisture during exhalation
48
What do sinuses do?
lighten the skull and help warm and moisten air
49
Describe the nasopharynx
strictly an air passageway lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium closes during swallowing pharyngeal tonsil
50
Describe the oropharynx
common passageway for food and air stratified squamous epithelium palatine and lingual tonsils
51
Describe the laryngopharynx
common passageway for food and air | extends to larynx, where food and air diverge
52
What are the functions of the larynx?
provide a patent airway act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels voice production connected to hyoid bone
53
What are the cartilages of the larynx?
shield-shaped anterosuperior thyroid cartilage w/ midline laryngeal prominence (adam's apple) cricoid cartilage arytenoid, cuneiform, corniculate cartilages epiglottis
54
Describe the vocal ligaments
elastic fibers that form mucosal folds | vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs
55
What are the false vocal cords?
mucosal folds superior to true vocal cords medial opening between them is the glottis play no part in sound production
56
Define speech
intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis
57
Define pitch
determined by the length and tension of the vocal cords
58
Define loudness
depends upon the force at which the air rushes across the vocal cords
59
How does the pharynx participate in vocal production?
resonates, amplifies, and enhances sound quality | sound is shaped by pharynx, tongue, soft palate, lips
60
When is the larynx closed?
coughing sneezing Valsalva's maneuver

BIO 233 Anatomy OIT (6 decks)

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