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Medical Pathology > Lecture Two: Cardiovascular Disease > Flashcards

Lecture Two: Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the US

A

cardiovascular disease

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2
Q

which type of circulation removes carbon dioxide and re-oxygenates erythrocytes

A

pulmonary circulation

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3
Q

which type of circulation provides oxygen and nutrients to tissue; removes waste products of metabolism, growth, and repair

A

systemic circulation

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4
Q

what supplies blood and oxygen to the heart muscle

A

coronary arteries

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5
Q

other functions of the circulation system include…

A

circulates hormones and immune system components and body temp regulation

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6
Q

What are the primary forms of CVD

A

coronary heart disease *, stroke, heart failure , HTN, and congenital heart defects

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7
Q

what is cholesterol produced by

A

the liver

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8
Q

what molecule is necessary for production of cell membranes, steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids

A

cholesterol

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9
Q

how is cholesterol transported in the blood

A

lipoproteins

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10
Q

which molecules transport substances from the tissues to the liver; these remove particles from fat molecules from macrophages in the wall of arteries

A

HDL

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11
Q

these molecules transport their content of fat molecules into artery walls and drive atherosclerosis

A

LDL

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12
Q

what are ideal levels of lipoproteins

A

high HDL and low LDL. LDL is bad

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13
Q

what is a major modifiable risk factor for CVD

A

Hyperlipidemia ( excess lipids in the blood)

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14
Q

what is a key contributor to atherosclerosis

A

hyperlipidemia

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15
Q

a total cholesterol of what amt increases the risk for CVD

A

160 mg/dl

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16
Q

These are factors of which condition: TG > 150 mg/dl, LDL > 130mg/dl, and HDL 200 mg/dl

A

hyperlipidemia

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17
Q

primary hyperlipidemia is mainly…

A

genetic

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18
Q

familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hypertriglyceridemia, and combined familial hyperlipidemia are all examples of which type of hyperlipidemia

A

primary :genetic

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19
Q

secondary hyperlipidemia is mainly…

A

polygenetic ( more common)

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20
Q

diabetes, thyroid/renal/liver dysfunction , cushings syndrome , obesity, alcohol consumption, diet, and estrogen therapy are examples of what type of hyperlipidemia

A

secondary: polygenetic

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21
Q

what are some ocular manifestations of hyperlipidemia

A

arcus, xanthelasma, lipemia retinalis

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22
Q

this is a molecule that is a macrophage and ingests lots of cholesterol

A

foam cell

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23
Q

which ocular manifestation tends to be in people over the age of 50

A

arcus

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24
Q

which ocular manifestation tends to be more familial and is an accumulation of foam cells in region of nasal canthus

A

xanthelasma ( TG > 1000 mg/dl)

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25
Q

which ocular manifestation is when the arteries have cholesterol showing up in them so they appear white

A

lipemia retinalis ( TG> 2500 mg/dl)

26
Q

this is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the tunica intima ( Atheromas common) and is the most common chronic disease in the US

A

atherosclerosis

27
Q

this disorder can lead to ischemia, thrombosis, embolism, and anuerysm

A

atherosclerosis

28
Q

what is the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

A
  1. injury to the intima 2.insudation ( LDL goes into the intima) 3. oxidation 4. foam cell accumulation ( atheroma formation)
  2. fatty streaks gradually form into fibrous plaques
29
Q

how does atherosclerosis affect flow rate

A

flow rate varies with fourth power of lumen diameter

30
Q

which disease involves narrowing of the arteries

A

coronary heart disease

31
Q

what is the cause of coronary heart disease

A

atherosclerosis

32
Q

angina pectoris and myocardial infarction are clinical manifestations of which disease

A

coronary heart disease

33
Q

what is critical stenosis

A

70-75 % obstruction ( symptomatic during increased demand)

34
Q

inadequate coronary blood flow at rest can lead to…

A

> 90 % stenosis

35
Q

this is ischemia of the myocardium

A

angina pectoris

36
Q

causes of this disorder include coronary heart disease, aortic stenosis, HTN, and coronary artery spasm

A

angina pectoris

37
Q

what are some eliciting events of angina pectoris

A

cold weather, exertion, heavy metals, cocaine, stress

38
Q

what is the tx for acute angina pectoris

A

nitroglycerin

39
Q

what is the tx for chronic angina pectoris

A

beta- blockers

40
Q

this is myocardial death due to ischemia

A

myocardial infarction

41
Q

what are some causes of MI

A

coronary heart disease, embolism, thrombosis, congenital coronary anomaly, idiopathic

42
Q

these are symptoms experienced by what gender with MI: chest pain, lightheadedness, fainting, sweating, nausea, shortness of breath

A

men

43
Q

these are symptoms experience by what gender with MI: shortness of breath, weakness, unusual fatigue, nausea, lightheadedness, lower chest discomfort, upper abdominal pressure, back pain

A

common female symptoms

44
Q

what type of MI symptoms are tachycardia, sweating and pallor

A

sympathetic

45
Q

what type of MI symptoms are bradycardia and vomiting

A

parasympathetic

46
Q

what are some elevated blood indicators of MI

A

total creatine kinase, cardiac creatine kinase, cardiac troponin

47
Q

which part of ECG is depolarization of the atria

A

p waves

48
Q

which pt of ECG is depolarization and subsequent contraction of ventricle

A

QRS

49
Q

which pt of ECG is repolarization of atria

A

T wave

50
Q

what are the diff MI types

A

transmural and subendocardial

51
Q

which type of MI involves occlusion of a major coronary artery; affects complete thickness of heart wall

A

transmural

52
Q

which type of MI is particularly at risk area

A

Subendocardial

53
Q

What are some MI complications

A

cardiac dysrhythmia, heart failure, cardiogenic shock, myocardial rupture, pericarditis, fever, mural thrombosis and embolism

54
Q

which type of MI complication is 85% of cases and is the most important cause of death from MI; can be chronic or acute

A

cardiac dysrhythmia

55
Q

which type of MI complication is due to pump failure and more chronic manifestations

A

heart failure

56
Q

which type of MI complication is due to ventricular failure, hypotension, pulmonary edema, and is rare

A

cardiogenic shock

57
Q

which type of MI complication is rare ; occurs within days of MI; pericardial tamponade

A

myocardial rupture

58
Q

which type of MI complication is inflammatory reaction to death of myocardium

A

pericarditis

59
Q

which type of MI complication is where endogenous pyrogens are released

A

fever

60
Q

what is involved with percutaneous coronary intervention

A

angioplasty ( dilates and ruptures plaque), and intracoronary stents ( prevents re-stenosis)

61
Q

what is used for multi vessel CHD; mammary artery grafts; vein grafts

A

coronary artery bypass graft

Medical Pathology (11 decks)

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