Lecture Two: Cardiovascular Disease

Question 1

what is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the US

Answer 1

cardiovascular disease

Question 2

which type of circulation removes carbon dioxide and re-oxygenates erythrocytes

Answer 2

pulmonary circulation

Question 3

which type of circulation provides oxygen and nutrients to tissue; removes waste products of metabolism, growth, and repair

Answer 3

systemic circulation

Question 4

what supplies blood and oxygen to the heart muscle

Answer 4

coronary arteries

Question 5

other functions of the circulation system include…

Answer 5

circulates hormones and immune system components and body temp regulation

Question 6

What are the primary forms of CVD

Answer 6

coronary heart disease *, stroke, heart failure , HTN, and congenital heart defects

Question 7

what is cholesterol produced by

Answer 7

the liver

Question 8

what molecule is necessary for production of cell membranes, steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids

Answer 8

cholesterol

Question 9

how is cholesterol transported in the blood

Answer 9

lipoproteins

Question 10

which molecules transport substances from the tissues to the liver; these remove particles from fat molecules from macrophages in the wall of arteries

Answer 10

HDL

Question 11

these molecules transport their content of fat molecules into artery walls and drive atherosclerosis

Answer 11

LDL

Question 12

what are ideal levels of lipoproteins

Answer 12

high HDL and low LDL. LDL is bad

Question 13

what is a major modifiable risk factor for CVD

Answer 13

Hyperlipidemia ( excess lipids in the blood)

Question 14

what is a key contributor to atherosclerosis

Answer 14

hyperlipidemia

Question 15

a total cholesterol of what amt increases the risk for CVD

Answer 15

160 mg/dl

Question 16

These are factors of which condition: TG > 150 mg/dl, LDL > 130mg/dl, and HDL 200 mg/dl

Answer 16

hyperlipidemia

Question 17

primary hyperlipidemia is mainly…

Answer 17

genetic

Question 18

familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hypertriglyceridemia, and combined familial hyperlipidemia are all examples of which type of hyperlipidemia

Answer 18

primary :genetic

Question 19

secondary hyperlipidemia is mainly…

Answer 19

polygenetic ( more common)

Question 20

diabetes, thyroid/renal/liver dysfunction , cushings syndrome , obesity, alcohol consumption, diet, and estrogen therapy are examples of what type of hyperlipidemia

Answer 20

secondary: polygenetic

Question 21

what are some ocular manifestations of hyperlipidemia

Answer 21

arcus, xanthelasma, lipemia retinalis

Question 22

this is a molecule that is a macrophage and ingests lots of cholesterol

Answer 22

foam cell

Question 23

which ocular manifestation tends to be in people over the age of 50

Answer 23

arcus

Question 24

which ocular manifestation tends to be more familial and is an accumulation of foam cells in region of nasal canthus

Answer 24

xanthelasma ( TG > 1000 mg/dl)

Question 25

which ocular manifestation is when the arteries have cholesterol showing up in them so they appear white

Answer 25

lipemia retinalis ( TG> 2500 mg/dl)

Question 26

this is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the tunica intima ( Atheromas common) and is the most common chronic disease in the US

Answer 26

atherosclerosis

Question 27

this disorder can lead to ischemia, thrombosis, embolism, and anuerysm

Answer 27

atherosclerosis

Question 28

what is the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

Answer 28

1. injury to the intima 2.insudation ( LDL goes into the intima) 3. oxidation 4. foam cell accumulation ( atheroma formation) 5. fatty streaks gradually form into fibrous plaques

Question 29

how does atherosclerosis affect flow rate

Answer 29

flow rate varies with fourth power of lumen diameter

Question 30

which disease involves narrowing of the arteries

Answer 30

coronary heart disease

Question 31

what is the cause of coronary heart disease

Answer 31

atherosclerosis

Question 32

angina pectoris and myocardial infarction are clinical manifestations of which disease

Answer 32

coronary heart disease

Question 33

what is critical stenosis

Answer 33

70-75 % obstruction ( symptomatic during increased demand)

Question 34

inadequate coronary blood flow at rest can lead to...

Answer 34

> 90 % stenosis

Question 35

this is ischemia of the myocardium

Answer 35

angina pectoris

Question 36

causes of this disorder include coronary heart disease, aortic stenosis, HTN, and coronary artery spasm

Answer 36

angina pectoris

Question 37

what are some eliciting events of angina pectoris

Answer 37

cold weather, exertion, heavy metals, cocaine, stress

Question 38

what is the tx for acute angina pectoris

Answer 38

nitroglycerin

Question 39

what is the tx for chronic angina pectoris

Answer 39

beta- blockers

Question 40

this is myocardial death due to ischemia

Answer 40

myocardial infarction

Question 41

what are some causes of MI

Answer 41

coronary heart disease, embolism, thrombosis, congenital coronary anomaly, idiopathic

Question 42

these are symptoms experienced by what gender with MI: chest pain, lightheadedness, fainting, sweating, nausea, shortness of breath

Answer 42

men

Question 43

these are symptoms experience by what gender with MI: shortness of breath, weakness, unusual fatigue, nausea, lightheadedness, lower chest discomfort, upper abdominal pressure, back pain

Answer 43

common female symptoms

Question 44

what type of MI symptoms are tachycardia, sweating and pallor

Answer 44

sympathetic

Question 45

what type of MI symptoms are bradycardia and vomiting

Answer 45

parasympathetic

Question 46

what are some elevated blood indicators of MI

Answer 46

total creatine kinase, cardiac creatine kinase, cardiac troponin

Question 47

which part of ECG is depolarization of the atria

Answer 47

p waves

Question 48

which pt of ECG is depolarization and subsequent contraction of ventricle

Answer 48

QRS

Question 49

which pt of ECG is repolarization of atria

Answer 49

T wave

Question 50

what are the diff MI types

Answer 50

transmural and subendocardial

Question 51

which type of MI involves occlusion of a major coronary artery; affects complete thickness of heart wall

Answer 51

transmural

Question 52

which type of MI is particularly at risk area

Answer 52

Subendocardial

Question 53

What are some MI complications

Answer 53

cardiac dysrhythmia, heart failure, cardiogenic shock, myocardial rupture, pericarditis, fever, mural thrombosis and embolism

Question 54

which type of MI complication is 85% of cases and is the most important cause of death from MI; can be chronic or acute

Answer 54

cardiac dysrhythmia

Question 55

which type of MI complication is due to pump failure and more chronic manifestations

Answer 55

heart failure

Question 56

which type of MI complication is due to ventricular failure, hypotension, pulmonary edema, and is rare

Answer 56

cardiogenic shock

Question 57

which type of MI complication is rare ; occurs within days of MI; pericardial tamponade

Answer 57

myocardial rupture

Question 58

which type of MI complication is inflammatory reaction to death of myocardium

Answer 58

pericarditis

Question 59

which type of MI complication is where endogenous pyrogens are released

Answer 59

fever

Question 60

what is involved with percutaneous coronary intervention

Answer 60

angioplasty ( dilates and ruptures plaque), and intracoronary stents ( prevents re-stenosis)

Question 61

what is used for multi vessel CHD; mammary artery grafts; vein grafts

Answer 61

coronary artery bypass graft