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Medical Pathology > Vascular Diseases and Shock > Flashcards

Vascular Diseases and Shock Flashcards

1
Q

what is leakage due to a break in the blood vessel

A

hemorrhage

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2
Q

what is outpouching of the vascular wall

A

aneurysm

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3
Q

what is clot formation inside of a vessel; takes place in arteries and veins

A

thrombosis

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4
Q

what are some causes of thrombosis

A

blood flow irregularity, endothelial damage, and hypercoagulability

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5
Q

the results of this disorder can lead to ischemia ( reduced blood flow) and infarction ( absence of blood flow)

A

thrombosis

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6
Q

What is Virchow’s Triad

A

three different categories that can contribute to a thrombus-> hypercoagulable state, circulatory stasis, and vascular wall injury

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7
Q

term for predisposition towards clotting; congenital or acquired

A

hypercoagulability

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8
Q

what are the risk factors for hypercoagulability

A

smoking***, age, pregnancy, obesity, antiphospholipid syndrome, and dehydration

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9
Q

this is an autoimmune disease where Ab are formed against the phospholipid bilayer ; there are blood tests we can look at to see if a pt has this prob or not

A

antiphospholipid syndrome

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10
Q

what is the cause of arterial thrombosis

A

atherosclerosis

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11
Q

what are some effects of arterial thrombosis

A

MI and stroke

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12
Q

what are the most preventable risk factors for arterial thrombosis

A

smoking, HTN, and cholesterol

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13
Q

What are some Tx options for arterial thrombosis

A

lifestyle changes, medications, and surgery ( Angioplasty, CAB, endarterectomy)

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14
Q

what are some associations with venous thrombosis

A

venous stasis and hypercoagulability

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15
Q

what is the usual location of a venous thrombosis

A

deep veins

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16
Q

what are the effects of venous thrombosis

A

local pain and swelling and pulmonary embolism

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17
Q

what are some tx options for venous thrombosis

A

anticoagulants

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18
Q

what are the risk factors for venous thrombosis

A

definitely related to hormone and pregnancy, and also oral contraceptives

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19
Q

what are some ocular manifestations of venous thrombosis

A

papilledema, BRVO, and CRVO

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20
Q

papilledema is a sign of ______

A

increased IOP

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21
Q

which type of vessel occlusion has blood leakage in all four quadrants of the retina

A

central retinal vein occlusion

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22
Q

what is deep vein thrombosis associated with

A

immobilization and hypercoagulability

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23
Q

where does deep vein thrombosis usually occur

A

lower veins of the leg

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24
Q

what are some complications of deep vein thrombosis

A

local pain and swelling and pulmonary embolism

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25
Q

what are some possible outcomes of venous thrombosis

A

resolution. embolization to lungs, organized and incorporated into the wall, and organized and recanalized

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26
Q

what is a dislodged thrombus called; can be fatal ( coronary embolism, embolic stroke, pulmonary embolism)

A

thromboembolism

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27
Q

what is an association of thromboembolism

A

venous thrombosis ***, atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation. valvular disease, and artificial valves

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28
Q

what are pulmonary embolism associated with

A

deep vein thrombosis

29
Q

what are some symptoms of pulmonary embolism

A

shortness of breath *, hemoptysis ( coughing up blood), and sharp chest pain

30
Q

what are tx options for pulmonary embolism

A

anticoagulation. treat underlying conditions

31
Q

what is caused by high pressure vessels and is localized thinning of the arterial wall

A

aneurysm

32
Q

what are the diff types of aneurysms

A

saccular ( berry), fusiform, and dissecting

33
Q

what is a big risk factor for aneurysms

A

smoking and tobacco use

34
Q

what are some locations of an aneurysm

A

aortic arch, cerebral arteries, thoracic artery, and abdominal arteries

35
Q

what are the complications of an aneurysm

A

rupture ( hemorrhagic stroke), dissection ( ischemic stroke), and thrombus ( ischemic stroke)

36
Q

what are some tx options for aneurysm

A

endovascular stent / graft , clip ( used for berry aneurysms), endovascular coiling, blood thinner, and hypertensive meds

37
Q

where do most aneurysms occur

A

at the bifurcations in the circle of willis

38
Q

what is the commonly affected vessel in an aneurysm

A

anterior communicating artery

39
Q

which artery is the most CLINICALLY significant affected artery that can lead to 3rd nerve palsy

A

posterior communicating artery

40
Q

what are some common ocular manifestations of aneurysms

A

3rd nerve palsy , protein exudates in retina

41
Q

this is the maintenance of internal physiologic systems that allow communication of life; required to maintain the cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal systems

A

homeostasis

42
Q

what are the primary circulatory system components of homeostasis

A

pump, fluid volume, and closed circulatory system

43
Q

this condition is made of a diverse group of conditions due to inadequate tissue perfusion > homeostasis becomes compromised ; body wide shift to anaerobic metabolism ;

A

shock

44
Q

this condition is fatal if left untreated ; can cause cardiovascular collapse and organ failure

A

shock

45
Q

what are the two different mechanisms for cell death

A

inadequate cellular oxygenation-> anaerobic metabolism> inadequate energy production > metabolic failure of pumps > cell death

inadequate cellular oxygenation> anaerobic metabolism > lactic acid production > metabolic acidosis > cell death

46
Q

what are shocks MOA

A

inadequate oxygen delivery, impaired oxygen uptake, inadequate nutrient delivery

47
Q

which of shock MOA involve respiratory failure, hemorrhage or anemia, fluid loss and cardiac pump failure

A

inadequate oxygen delivery

48
Q

which of shock MOA involved biochemical poisoning ( hydrogen cyanide )

A

impaired oxygen uptake

49
Q

which of shock MOA involves malnutrition, GI absorption disorder, and lack of insuilin

A

inadequate nutrient delivery

50
Q

what is the final common pathway of stroke

A

metabolic acidosis/ cell death

51
Q

what are the main forms of stroke

A

hypovolemic shock, cardiogenic shock, and hypotonic shock/ anaphylactic

52
Q

which form of shock involves decreased blood volume ; trauma, childbirth, dehydration

A

hypovolemic

53
Q

which form of shock involves ineffective cardiac pumping and MI

A

cardiogenic shock

54
Q

which form of shock involves decreased peripheral vascular tone ; blood pools in peripheral tissue

A

hypotonic shock/ anaphylactic

55
Q

what type of shock is a massive and systemic allergic reaction; large release of histamine; increases membrane permeability and vasodilation

A

anaphylactic shock

56
Q

this type of shock occurs due to systemic inflammatory response to secondary infection

A

septic shock

57
Q

this type of shock is caused by endotoxin or exotoxin and has a mortality rate of 25-50 %

A

septic shock

58
Q

all types of shock cause ______

A

myocardial pump failure ( decreased blood volume, increased vasodilation and increased vascular permeability)

59
Q

what are the stages of shock

A

compensatory, progressive, refractory

60
Q

which stage of shock involves normal BP, and adequate tissue perfusion

A

compensatory

61
Q

which stage of shock involves falling BP, reduced tissue perfusion, and tissue damage

A

progressive

62
Q

which stage of shock involves a low bp, inadequate tissue perfusion, and widespread organ failure

A

refractory

63
Q

what are some mechanisms of compensatory shock

A

progressive vasoconstriction, increased blood flow to major organs, increased cardiac output, increased respiratory rate and volume and decreased urine output

64
Q

how does compensatory shock present itself

A

normotensive, tachycardia, and decreased skin perfusion

65
Q

what type of shock is the last-ditch /desperate final attempt by the body

A

progressive shock

66
Q

how does progressive shock present itself

A

hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea, oliguria, acidosis, agitation, restlessness, and confusion

67
Q

what type of shock is when death occurs even with homeostasis restoration ; complete failure of compensatory mechanisms

A

refractory shock

68
Q

what type of shock is when tissues become anoxic , widespread cellular death, vital organ failure, and death

A

refractory shock

Medical Pathology (11 decks)

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