Lecture XIII: Whaling and the Krill Surplus Hypothesis Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
Where do the Weddell Seals like to be?
A
On the fast ice/beaches close to land
- makes them easily observable
2
Q
Are Weddell Seals approachable?
A
Yes, they are curious so they are easily approachable
3
Q
Why do Weddell Seals make holes in the ice?
A
They use them for breathing and entering the sea to get prey
4
Q
How does the Weddell Seal keep their ice holes open?
A
They use their procumbent incisors
5
Q
How do we gain an advantage from the Weddell Seal ice holes?
A
We can send instruments down into their holes
6
Q
What do Weddell Seals’ skin look like?
A
Muddled appearance
- dark grey top and lighter bottom
7
Q
How long are Weddell Seals?
A
about 2.5 m long
8
Q
Which is longer, the male or female Weddell Seals?
A
The female Weddell Seals are longer
9
Q
When do Weddell Seals give birth?
A
October (early summer)
10
Q
How long do Weddell Seals nurse their pups?
A
6-7 weeks
11
Q
What are the Weddell Seals 2 enemies?
A
- Leopard Seals
2. Orcas
12
Q
What were fur seals first exploited for?
A
Their pelts
13
Q
What were Elephant Seals exploited for?
A
Their blubber
- specifically the oil in it
14
Q
Why did they start hunting whales?
A
The other populations were depleted
15
Q
What did they hunt whales for?
A
Their blubber
16
Q
When did sealing begin and where?
A
The Falkland Islands in 1765
17
Q
Where did sealing spread to after it started in the Falkland Islands?
A
South Georgia Islands in 1786
18
Q
In 1775, _____ fur seal skins were taken from the Falkland Islands by one ship
A
13,000
19
Q
In _____, 17,000 fur seal skins were taken from the Falkland Islands by one ship
A
1775
20
Q
In 1775, 13,000 fur seal skins were taken from the _____ by one ship
A
Falkland Islands
21
Q
From 1793-1807, _____ fur seal skins were taken
A
3.2 million
22
Q
From ____-____, 3.2 million fur seal skins were taken
A
1793-1807
23
Q
In 1819, sealing operations were moved to what 2 locations?
A
- South Shetland Islands
2. Antarctic Peninsula
24
Q
In _____, sealing operations were moved to the South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula
A
1819
25
_____ fur seal skins were taken from the Antarctic Peninsula in 4 years
300,000
26
300,000 fur seal skins were taken from the Antarctic Peninsula in _____ years
4
27
The fur seal industry depleted their sources and ended in _____
1822
28
When the fur seal industry depleted their sources and ended in 1822, what did they move on to?
Elephant Seal blubber
29
When did whaling begin and why?
mid 1800s
| - the other populations were depleted
30
How did individuals first start hunting whales?
They would row out and hunt the whales with hand spears one by one
31
What happened after the use of hand spears for whaling? How did whaling grow?
Whaling stations were developed
32
How did they benefit from whaling stations?
It allowed them to hunt right around the station & process them on land
33
What was invented after the whaling stations were developed?
the swivel canon
34
What benefits came from the invention of the swivel canon?
allowed them to kill more whales faster
| - but they still needed to be processed on land
35
What was the final major invention in the whaling industry?
Factory Ships
36
What benefits came from the invention of the factory ships for whaling?
It allowed for whales to be killed and processed at sea
37
____ are platforms on the whaling stations where the whales were processed
Flensing Platforms
38
What was used to cut out chunks of blubber from whales?
Long knives
39
How was oil extracted from the blubber of whales?
The blubber was boiled and the oil was extracted
40
What was the slope in the back of Grytviken used for?
It was used to drop blubber sections off
41
_____ canons allowed whales to be killed on ships instead of the use of hand spears
Swivel Harpoon Canons
42
When was the Swivel Harpoon Canon invented and by who?
1865 by Svend Foyn
43
What was in the Swivel Harpoon Canons that was significant?
Gun Powder
44
Where was gun powder found in a Swivel Harpoon Canon?
They were in the gun on the ship and in the gun head
45
Why was their gun powder in the gun head of the Swivel Harpoon Canon?
So when they shot the whales it would explode and kill the whale instantly
46
_____ invented the Swivel Gun in 1865 which increase exploitation of whales
Sven Foyn
47
_____ was established on South Georgia Island and it was the first whaling station in 1904
Grytviken
48
When was Grytviken established and where?
South Georgia Island in 1904
49
Why was Grytviken significant?
It increased the rate of exploitation
50
In the first few years at Grytviken, _____ humpbacks were taken right around the station
6,000
51
In the first few years at Grytviken, 6,000 _____ whales were taken right around the station
Humpback whales
52
In the first decade at Grytviken, _____ Blue Whales were taken
1,700
53
In the first decade at Grytviken, 1,700 _____ Whales were taken
Blue Whales
54
In the first decade at Grytviken, _____ Finback Whales were taken
4,800
55
In the first decade at Grytviken, 4,800 _____ Whales were taken
Finback Whales
56
In the first decade at Grytviken, _____ Humpback Whales were taken
22,000
57
In the first decade at Grytviken, 22,000 _____ Whales were taken
Humpback Whales
58
What was used from the whales hunted at the Grytviken station and what for?
The baleen was used for corsets
59
What happened to the Grytviken and other stations when factory ships were made?
The stations were abandoned and are ghost towns today
60
Who owned the whaling stations in Whaler's Bay on Deception Island from 1906-1931?
Norweigens
61
Where was the Norwegian Whaling Station?
Whaler's Bay on Deception Island
62
Where is Whaler's Bay?
Deception Island
63
What did the Norwegian Whaling Station in Whaler's Bay on Deception Island get effected by?
It was effected by a volcanic eruption that made people leave
64
Why was Whaler's Bay on Deception Island a prime location for whaling by the Norwegians?
It was a prime location because of the inlet and protection it provided
- there's also warmer water due to the volcanic vents
65
Why is Whaler's Bay on Deception Island warmer water?
The volcanic vents make the water warmer
66
_____ allowed whales to be killed and processed at sea, increasing exploitation
Factory Ships
67
When was the first factory ship developed?
1925
68
By 1930, how many factory ships were there?
41
69
By _____ there were 41 factory ships developed
1930
70
When factory ships were invented, whale takes were increased from _____ to _____
14,000 to 40,000
71
What did factory ships cause to close down?
Land Based Factories began to close down
72
What affect did WWII have on whaling?
None, whaling continued after WWII
73
What whales were depleted by factory ships and in what order?
- Blue, Fin, Sei and Minke Whales were depleted
| - They were depleted from largest whale to smallest whale
74
When did factory ship whaling end and why?
1960s because stocks depleted
75
Does illegal whaling still take place?
YES
76
the _____ was a convention that was created for the regulation of whaling in 1935
Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
77
Who refused to join the Convention for the Regulation of Whaling in 1935?
Japan and Germany
78
When was the Convention for the Regulation of Whaling started?
1935
79
a _____ was established in 1938 south of the 40 degree latitude that included complete protection of humpback whales
Whale Sanctuary
80
a Whale Sanctuary was established in 1938 south of the 40 degree latitude that included the complete protection of _____ whales
Humpback Whales
81
When was the Whale Sanctuary established?
1938
82
Where was the Whale Sanctuary established?
south of the 40 degree latitude
83
the _____ was first proposed by Sloden to account for the increasing penguin and due seal population on the Antarctic Peninsula between the 1940s and 1970s
Krill Surplus Hypothesis
84
Who first proposed the Krill Surplus Hypothesis?
Sloden
85
When did the Krill Surplus Hypothesis occur?
1940s to 1970s
86
What did the Krill Surplus Hypothesis result in?
an increase in penguin and fur seal abundance in the Antarctic Peninsula
87
What caused the Krill Surplus Hypothesis to occur?
Whales and Seals that eat krill died off and were hunter, causing the krill number to increase
88
What was significant about the penguins correlation with the Krill Surplus Hypothesis?
The extensive slaughter of whales and seals in the 18th, 19th and 20th century suggest that penguins switched their diet more to krill in the early 1800s
89
What indicated a diet shift up the food chain in Adelie Penguins?
Heavier Nitrogen isotopes
90
How do individuals see diet changes in Adelie penguins diets over time?
They compare tissues from pre, during and post whaling to see the diet changes
91
the _____ in eggshells of Adelie penguins reflects isotopes during egg formation in late spring and early summer
carbonate
92
the carbonate in eggshells of Adelie penguins reflects _____ during egg formation in late spring and early summer
isotopes
93
Within _____ to _____ years the Adelie penguins diet had shifted down the food chain
200-300
94
what did the eggshells from the RFS cabin between 1911-197 indicate about the Adelie penguins diet?
They indicated that their diet already shifted during the most intense whaling period
95
What did ancient penguin isotope show 9,000-200 years ago? What showed after that?
they showed little variation
| - rapid loss in heavy nitrogen and carbon isotopes after
96
what does evidence now show about the Krill Surplus Hypothesis?
it indicates that it is ending due to climate change
| - less sea ice and marine mammal recovery
97
What does the ending of Krill Surplus Hypothesis mean for Delie and Chinstrap penguins in the Antarctic Peninsula?
There may not be food sources for the penguins to revert back to other than krill, so we may see declines of Adelie and Chinstrap penguins
