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Antarctic Ecology > Lecture XIV: Penguins & Other Seabirds > Flashcards

Lecture XIV: Penguins & Other Seabirds Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 species of penguins that breed in Antarctica?

A
  1. Emperor
  2. Adelie
  3. Gentoo
  4. Chinstrap
  5. Macaroni
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2
Q

Which 2 of the 5 penguins that breed in Antarctica are endemic?

A
  1. Emperor

2. Adelie

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3
Q

How many species of penguins are there in the Southern Hemisphere?

A

17

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4
Q

The diversity of seabirds (increases/decreases) as you move from the subantarctic islands to the continent

A

decreases

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5
Q

How long do emperor penguins live?

A

15-20 years

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6
Q

What 3 things do Emperor penguins diet on?

A
  1. fish
  2. squid
  3. some crustaceans
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7
Q

How tall can Emperor penguins be?

A

3 feet tall

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8
Q

What is the furthest Emperor penguins dive?

A

500 m

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9
Q

How deep do Emperor penguins normally dive and for how long?

A

no deeper than 150 m for 18 minutes

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10
Q

When are Emperor penguins normally active?

A

Winter

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11
Q

What kind of distribution do Emperor penguins have?

A

Circumpolar-Antarctic Distribution

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12
Q

Where do Emperor penguins nest? (2)

A

on the sea ice or ice shelves

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13
Q

What is significant about Emperor penguin bonding?

A

Emperor penguins pair bond for life

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14
Q

How many eggs do the female Emperor penguins produce?

A

1 large egg

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15
Q

What must the female Emperor penguins do after laying their egg?

A

Laying the egg is costly so ones they lay it they must leave to feed

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16
Q

While the female Emperor penguin is gone feeding after laying the egg what does the male do?

A

The male incubates the egg

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17
Q

How does the male Emperor penguin incubate the female’s egg?

A

The male incubates it on his feet to prevent the egg from freezing

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18
Q

How long does it take to incubate, hatch and raise the chick of an Emperor Penguin?

A

5-6 months

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19
Q

After being incubated, hatched and raised for 5-6 months, the Emperor penguin chick fledges during what time of year?

A

Summer

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20
Q

What is significant about the male emperor penguins care for their chicks?

A

They fast for 180 days and feed the chicks mucus until the female returns with food

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21
Q

how long do the emperor penguin males fast while feeding their chicks?

A

180 days

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22
Q

What has an influence on the reproductive success of the Emperor Penguins?

A

The more experience the parents have, the higher the reproductive success

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23
Q

What is significant about the Adelie penguins mating?

A

They mate for life

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24
Q

What is significant about where the Adelie penguins nest?

A

They come back to the same nest site, dig it out and rebuild it with pebbles

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25
Which Adelie penguin comes back to the mating site first, the male or the female?
The male comes first and waits for the female
26
What happens if the female Adelie penguin doesn't return to the nesting site?
The male finds a new one
27
How many eggs does a female Adelie penguin produce?
2 eggs
28
What does the female Adelie penguin do after she lays her two eggs?
She goes to the sea to feed
29
What does the male Adelie penguin do while the female is off feeding?
The male takes over the incubation of the eggs and fasts for 2 weeks until the female comes back with food
30
How long does it take for the female Adelie penguin to return to the male and eggs with food?
2 weeks
31
What does the female Adelie penguin do when she returns to the male and eggs?
She takes over incubation for a week until the male finishes feeding
32
The male and female Adelie penguins switch off over _____ days while the chicks develop their physiology
35
33
How does the Adelie penguins protect their young?
They sit on them for heat and protection from skuas
34
When the Adelie penguin chick becomes more independent, what do both parents do?
They both leave to feed
35
How do the parent Adelie penguins feed their chicks?
they feed the chicks by direct regurgitation of freshly eaten whole krill
36
When do the Adelie penguin chicks finally leave the colony?
When the chicks leave the colony they must weight enough to survive the winter and reproduce the next year
37
What happens if an Adelie penguin chick's downey gets wet?
the chick can die from hypothermia
38
Once Adelie penguin chicks are independent the parents leave and the chick forms a _____ to protect themselves from predators
creche
39
What happens when Adelie penguin parents when they go in and out of a creche?
They are harassed for food
40
when do Adelie penguin chicks begin flapping their wings?
6-8 weeks
41
mortality of Adelie penguin chicks can be up to _____% in low ice years
75%
42
_____ penguins are brush tailed penguins with feathers that act as a rudder
Pygoscelid penguins
43
Where do Pygoscelid penguins usually occur?
They usually occur in one large colony near a polynya with smaller ones surrounding
44
What are the 3 species of Pygoscelid penguins?
1. Adelie 2. Gentoo 3. Chinstrap
45
_____ penguins are a type of Pygoscelid penguin - endemic - ice free areas of AP & continent
Adelie penguins
46
_____ and _____ penguins are types of Pygoscelid penguins - more subantarctic - found North and South of convergence
Gentoo and Chinstrap penguins
47
where do the 3 species of Pygoscelid penguins occur?
They occur on the ANT peninsula
48
Why are Adelie penguin numbers declining?
Climate change and warming | - they need open water, but also sea ice for food
49
What do the Gentoo and Chinstrap penguins do when there's warming and climate change?
They like open water and extend south with warming | - Chinstraps have had a slight decline
50
Most seabirds are banded on their lower leg, but penguins are banded on their _____
flipper
51
What do the bands on a penguins flipper do?
Provide info on population changes, diet, and breeding success
52
Another study method for penguins requires sectioning part of a colony off with one door out. Then there's a _____ at the door that provides info on diet quantity
Weigh Bridge
53
What are 3 species of endemic seabirds in Antarctica?
1. Adelie Penguin 2. Emperor Penguin 3. Snow Petrel
54
Where do you find Snow Petrels usually and what is significant about them?
They are found mainly around sea ice and are the most southerly in the world
55
Where do Giant Petrels nest?
They nest on islands in the subantarctic and on the ANT peninsula
56
How many eggs does a Giant Petrel produce?
1 large egg
57
How long is the incubation period for Giant Petrels?
1st half of the summer
58
How does a Giant Petrel feed their chicks for the 1st time?
They produce an oil in their stomachs that they feed their chicks when they first hatch
59
What else do Giant Petrels use their oil for besides feeding their chicks?
they use the oil as a defense (it stinks)
60
What do Giant Petrels prey on?
They go after larger penguin chicks in creche and the adults sometimes
61
Giant, Snow and Storm Petrels are the _____
tubenoses
62
What do tubenoses use their salt glands for?
They have salt glands that act as a second kidney, extracting salt from seawater to flush out of their body
63
How long do Skua live?
25-30 years
64
What is significant about Skua?
they dive bomb you unless you stare them in the eyes
65
How do Skua let their territory know about things?
The project a long-call to alert an area
66
_____ Skuas and _____ skua overlap in the Antarctic Peninsula
South Polar Skuas and Brown Skuas
67
What do skuas do in the winter time?
Skuas have been seen in North Antarctica because they migrate in the winter
68
What is significant about Skua chicks?
They practice siblicide where the 1st chick eats the second and the parents don't interfere
69
_____ Siblicide happens no matter what and is seen in the South Polar Skuas
Obligate Siblicide
70
_____ Siblicide only occurs in poor food years
Facultative Sublicide
71
What do Skuas eat most of the time? (2) What do they eat occasionally? (2)
Most of the time they eat krill and silverfish. When they nest around penguin colonies sometimes they'll eat their eggs and young chicks
72
_____ is a type of seabird that occupies a niche around penguin colonies on the subantarctic islands, antarctic peninsula and east Antarctica
American Sheathbill
73
Where does the American Sheathbill get its name?
They have excess sheath and warts on their bill
74
How many families are there in American Sheathbills?
2 families, greater and lesser
75
What are the 4 things that American Sheathbills will eat?
1. Copepods 2. Undigested krill in guano 3. the yolk of eggs 4. carcasses
76
_____ are a type of seabird - found in Subantarctic Islands and Patagonia - same breeding as Skua but no siblicide
Kelp Gulls
77
_____ are a type of sea bird - flutters over ocean surface - feeds on zooplankton - found world wide and abundant during storms
Storm Petrels
78
_____ are a type of sea bird - divers that eat fish - found in Subantarctic Islands and Patagonia
Blue Eyed Shags
79
_____ are a type of sea bird - migrate out of Antarctica in the winter and only nest in the summer - sometimes seen in the arctic
Antarctic Terns

Antarctic Ecology (6 decks)

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