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Antarctic Ecology > Lecture XVII: The Heroic Age > Flashcards

Lecture XVII: The Heroic Age Flashcards

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1
Q

After the voyages of _____, Antarctica was largely ignored for 40 years

A

James Clark Ross

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2
Q

In 1893, _____ gave a lecture “The Renewal fo Antarctic Expeditions” to the Royal geographical Society

A

Sir James Murray

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3
Q

What was the name of the lecture Sir James Murray gave to the Royal Geographical Society?

A

The Renewal of Antarctic Expeditions

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4
Q

What was the result of Sir James Murray’s lecture?

A

It resulted in the first time that men reached the geographical and magnetic south pole

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5
Q

Why did the Heroic Age receive its name?

A

It was given due to the hardships endured, the science, photography and poetry that came out of the age

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6
Q

_____ wanted to revive the whaling in the Ross Sea in 1893

A

HJ Bull

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7
Q

Bull stopped in Australia where he met _____ who joined his expedition

A

Carsten Borchgrevink

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8
Q

Bull and Borchgrevink headed south and got into the _____ Sea

A

Ross Sea

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9
Q

What was Bull and Borchgrevink the first to do?

A

They were the 1st to land on the continent on Cape Adare

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10
Q

_____ is the 1st point that sticks out into the Ross Sea

A

Cape Adare

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11
Q

Cape Adare has the largest _____

A

penguin colony

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12
Q

What happened when Bull and Borchrevink finally reached Cape Adare?

A

As they came to landing, Borchgrevink jumped out to be the 1st on the continent

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13
Q

_____ created a group from Belgium funded to go on an expedition, headed south towards the peninsula

A

Adrien Victor de Gerlache

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14
Q

What happened when Gerlache’s crew reached Punta Arenas?

A

some of the crew abandoned because international crew didn’t all speak the same language

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15
Q

What did Gerlache waste time doing?

A

He wasted time doing research in Chile which delayed the trip to midsummer, when sea ice began forming

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16
Q

What did Gerlach discover?

A

He discovered the Gerlach strait between islands and mainland

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17
Q

What happened when Gerlache and his expedition continued south?

A

They got stuck in pack ice

- thought to maybe be intentional

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18
Q

What was Gerlache and his crew the 1st to do?

A

They were the first to spend winter in Antarctica

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19
Q

When was the next break in the ice that allowed Gerlache’s ship to leave the pack ice

A

The next spring

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20
Q

What was significant about Gerlache’s voyage?

A

it set the stage for the Heroic Age

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21
Q

_____ was a polish geologist

A

Henryk Arctowski

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22
Q

_____ was an American doctor who joined the Belgica expedition in Brazil

A

Frederick Cook

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23
Q

What was Gerlache’s voyage called?

A

The Belgica Expedition

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24
Q

What was Frederick Cook helpful with on the Belgica Expedition?

A

He had experience in the polar regions and helped the crew stay sane and made them eat penguin/seal meat

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25
_____ was regarded as the perfect sailor with ice experience on the Belgica Expedition
Roald Amundsen
26
_____ is caused by a vitamin C deficiency and going long periods without eating fresh fruit, vegetables and meat
Scurvy
27
What are the symptoms for Scurvy? (5)
1. lethargy 2. gum disease 3. easy bruising 4. liver disease 5. death
28
How can scurvy be prevented?
By eating fresh vegetables/meats, green vegetables and cleaning the cooking vessels thoroughly
29
The _____ Expedition was a Norwegian crew sailing under a British Flag
Souther Cross Expedition
30
What was the primary objective of the Southern Cross Expedition?
The primary objective was scientific studies, surveys and trying to locate the south magnetic pole
31
Where did the Southern Cross Expedition arrive?
Cape Adare | - set up 2 prefab huts
32
Where did the Southern Cross Expedition make it to in Antarctica?
The Ross Ice Shelf and 78º05'S
33
What was significant about the Southern Cross Expedition reaching the Ross Ice Shelf? 78º05'S?
They were the first to reach the Ross Ice Shel since Ross and traveled the farthest yet at 78º05'S
34
The Southern Cross Expedition was the first to utilize _____ to travel across the ice shelf
dogs
35
Who lead the Southern Cross Expedition?
Borchgrevink
36
_____ was a phycisit on the southern cross expedition who accused Borchevink of being incompetent/cowardly
Louis Bernacchi
37
_____ was a zoologist who dies of an unknown ailment that caused him to be sick for a long time on the southern cross expedition
Nicolai Hansen
38
What was significant about Nicolai Hansen's death?
He was the 1st defat and the 1st to have a grave on the continent
39
Where was Nicolai Hansen buried and why?
Cape Adare plateau because he liked to watch penguins there
40
What was the plan for the 1901 Swedish Expedition?
To drop 5 men and Otto Nordenskjold off on Snow Hill to do research and pick them up next summer
41
Who lead the Swedish Expedition?
Otto Nordenskjold
42
What did Nordenskjold set up on the Swedish Expedition?
A Weather and Magnetic Station to survive many storms throughout winter
43
The following spring, what did Nordenskjold and his crew do?
They discovered Seymour island and giant penguin fossils
44
What happened to the Swedish Expedition to extend their voyage?
The Weddell Sea closed off due to heavy sea ice year and they were forced to spend another winter there
45
Who eventually rescued Nordenskjold and how crew?
They were eventually rescued by the Uruguay ship in 1904
46
_____ is the location where Nordenskjold and his 5 men had a hut and spent 2 winters
Snow Hill
47
_____ is where Larsen and his 20 men had to spend the winter in a self made stone hut after their ship got stuck in pack ice trying to pick up Nordeskjold and his men
Paulet Islands
48
_____ is where 2 men were stranded for winter with limited supplies but did fine - originally dropped off to reach and tell Nordenskjold that Larsen was having trouble reaching them
Hope Bay
49
_____ is where the 3 men from Hope Bay met up with Nordenskjold's group who were out exploring ice after the winter
Cape Well-Met
50
_____ is where 2 men traveled from Snow Hill, rescued by Uruguay - Discovered by Nordenskjold and has 6 foot penguin fossils
Seymour Island
51
Captain _____ meant to pick up Nordeskjold and his group after one winter but couldn't due to ice coverage in the Weddell Sea
Captain Larsen
52
What happened when Captain Larsen couldn't reach Nordensjold?
They were stranded on Paulet Island with 20 men and 3 others on Hope Bay
53
What happened after Larsen and his men were stranded?
They eventually made it to Snow Hill with 5 men, picked up the remaining people on Paulet Island and left
54
_____ was the name of Larsen's Ship
Antarctic
55
_____ was the name of the Argentine rescue ship that made its way south to search for Antarctica
Uruguay
56
What is significant about the Argentine shipped named Uruguay?
It landed on Seymour island, picked up 2 men sleeping in tents, made its way to Snow Hill and found Nordenskjold
57
Where is the ship Uruguay now?
It is a floating museum
58
The Discovery Expedition was lead by _____
Robert Falcon Scott
59
Robert Falcon Scott lead the _____
Discovery Expedition
60
Who else went along with Scott on the Discovery Expedition? (2)
1. Shackleton | 2. Wilson
61
What was the goal of the Discovery Expedition?
left to do magnetism, geology, and biology research including photography
62
Who did the Discovery Expedition pick up in New Zealand?
Bernacchi
63
When the Discovery Expedition reached Cape Adare, what did they do?
The continued to Ross Island
64
What did Scott and his men do before they set up huts?
Sent up a hot air balloon to collect observations
65
What was significant about the Discovery Expedition?
they sent a sledge party out on the ice shelf and got the farthest south than anyone before
66
What happened in the 2nd slide party in the Discovery Expedition?
it was sent to Cape Crosier where one man died in a blizzard
67
What did the Discovery Expedition attempt to do in the spring?
They attempted to make it to the South Pole
68
What did the Discovery Expedition discover on their journey to the South Pole?
Dry Valleys
69
What almost happened to the ship Discovery on the Discovery Expedition?
They almost had to abandon the ship after 2 winters but the ice opened up and they returned home
70
What did they learn from the Discovery Expedition? (5)
1. How to work in the cold 2. Not to work in blizzards 3. objects on the horizon are farther than they seem 4. accidents can happen quickly and suddenly 5. reaching the south pole will take herculean efforts
71
_____ was the sub officer on the Discovery Expedition and was well liked by the crew
Ernest Shackleton
72
_____ was the zoologist on the Discovery Expedition and was Scott's best friend
Edward Wilson
73
Scott set up 3 huts on Ross Island and docked the ship right next to them, calling the location _____
Hut Point
74
What were 2 of Scott's huts used for?
Research and holding scientific instruments
75
What was the other hut used for in Scott's expedition?
It was meant for living quarters but was too cold, airy and leaked ice so they stayed on the ship
76
Who did Scott take with him to attempt reaching the South Pole?
Shackleton and Wilson
77
What were the 4 difficulties that Scott, Shackleton, and Wilson encountered on their journey to the South Pole?
1. Sleds 2. Dogs 3. Food 4. Scurvy
78
Scott, Shackleton and Wilson eventually turned back at _____ because Shackleton was in worse shape from scurvy?
82º16'S
79
_____ were used to explore around Ross Island, Ross Ice Shelf and Cape Crosier
Sledges
80
What happened to Scott and his men when they attempted using the sledges?
They failed at dog teams due to lack of experience and had to haul sleds
81
What did Scott do when they got home?
He blamed Shackleton for not getting off the ice shelf and seemed jealous of how liked he was, setting up a rivalry

Antarctic Ecology (6 decks)

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