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Antarctic Ecology > Lecture XVI: Discovery and Human History > Flashcards

Lecture XVI: Discovery and Human History Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

_____ was the first to state that there must be a southern continent called Terra Australis Incognita

A

Ptolemy

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2
Q

Ptolemy was the first to state that there must be a southern continent called _____

A

Terra Australis Incognita

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3
Q

What did Ptolemy believe that Terra Australis Incognita was separated by that discouraged explorations south for the next 1200 years?

A

a land of fire, or torrid zone

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4
Q

_____ received support from the Spanish king to seek a western route to spice island in South East Asia

A

Magellan

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5
Q

_____ sailed around the world and discovered the straits of magellan at Tierra del Fuego

A

Magellan

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6
Q

Magellan sailed around the world and discovered the _____ at _____

A

Straits of Magellan at Tierra del Fuego

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7
Q

What did Magellan assume about the Tierra del Fuego?

A

That it was a part of the southern continent

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8
Q

How was the Straits of Magellan discovered?

A

Magellan ordered 2 ships to explore the channel to the west while he took a ship to explore the bay. His officers thought the bay was too shallow to have a channel to the west. Magellan went on anyways and succeeded at finding the route to the Atlantic.

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9
Q

_____ of Bohemia may have made a map that depicted the straits of magellan, which is how Magellan was so sure of their existence

A

Martin of Bohemia

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10
Q

_____ is at the tip of the Tierra del Fuego and usually has rough waters surrounding it

A

Cape Horn

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11
Q

Why does Cape Horn have such rough waters surrounding it?

A

the continuous winds, its the most southern point of South America

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12
Q

What is Cape Horn known for?

A

Disastrous spot for ships to get around

- many broken ships still on the falklands

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13
Q

Tierra del Fuego was discovered by _____ in 1519-1520

A

Magellan

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14
Q

____ was discovered by Magellan in 1519-1520

A

Tierra del Fuego

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15
Q

When was Tierra del Fuego discovered by Magellan?

A

1519-1520

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16
Q

What is Tierra del Fuego separated from South America by?

A

The straits of magellan

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17
Q

_____ was sent to Tierra del Fuego to explore the coastline and enter the pacific via the straights of magellan

A

Sir Francis Drake

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18
Q

What was the purpose in Sir Francis Drake’s voyage to Tierra del Fuego?

A

The real purpose was to explore and claim the southern continent

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19
Q

What was significant about Sir Francis Drake’s voyage to the southern continent?

A

It was the first Antarctic expedition

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20
Q

What were the 4 major things that happened in Sir Francis Drake’s voyage?

A
  1. He circumnavigated the world
  2. Discovered Tierra del Fuego wasn’t part of the southern continent
  3. Discovered Drake’s Passage
  4. Sighted burrowing penguins
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21
Q

by _____, maps were beginning to show Australia’s south coast and tentative outline for Antarctica (Terra Australis Incognita)

A

1620

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22
Q

a map in _____ showed possible continent and ice filled sea in the south

A

1763

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23
Q

When were the 4 early possible sightings of Antarctica?

A
  1. 1800s by whalers and sealers
  2. Bellinhausen
  3. Palmer
  4. Smith
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24
Q

In 1592, an English ship was driven off the coast of Argentina, discovering the _____

A

Falkland Islands

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25
In 1599, a Dutch ship was forced south a reported 'a high land with mountains covered with snow, resembling Norway', which ended up being the _____
South Shetland Islands
26
The Falkland Islands were discovered by a _____ ship
English
27
The South Shetland Islands were discovered by a _____ ship
Dutch
28
In 1675, an English merchant ship was blown south trying to find the straits of Magellan, took shelter in a bay staying for 14 days, then found the end of the land. They then discovered another high snow-covered land south called the _____
South Georgia Island
29
The South Georgia Island was discovered by a _____ ship
English
30
_____ was a French explorer who wanted to look for a southern tropical paradise after seeing maps with empty ocean
Jean Baptiste Bouvet
31
What happened on Bouvet's voyage?
He made it to Brazil, went farther south and saw ice floes, penguins and discovered Bouvet Island
32
What island was discovered by Bouvet?
Bouvet Island
33
Did Bouvet land on Bouvet Island?
No, he couldn't land due to the island's steep sides
34
Why was Bouvet and his shipmates forced to leave?
The climate was cold, wet and foggy with high winds. Men were getting scurvy which forced them home
35
When was Bouvet Island rediscovered?
It wasn't rediscovered until the whaling era when it was claimed by Norway
36
Who claimed Bouvet Island?
Norway
37
The French heard rumors of a tropical paradise in 1771 and _____ left Amsterdam Island to search for it
Yves Kerguelen
38
What did Yves Kerguelen discover in 1772?
The Kerguelen Islands
39
What did Kerguelen claim when he returned to Madagascar?
That he had found the los continent, when he actually didn't
40
What happened after Kerguelen lied about finding the lost continent?
He was eventually proven false and dismissed from the navy and imprisoned
41
_____ was the greatest navigator of his time and was the first to circumnavigate Antarctica
Captain James Cook
42
What did Captain James Cook 'prove' on his voyages?
He 'proved' there was no southern continent
43
On his 1st expedition, what did Captain James Cook accomplish? (2)
1. He discovered New Zealand | 2. He discovered the east coast of Australia
44
On his 2nd expedition, what did Captain James Cook accomplish? (3)
1. He disproved Bouvet and Kerguelen's souther continent claims 2. relocated S. Georgia 3. discovered the South Sandwich Islands
45
On his 3rd expedition, what did Captain James Cook accomplish?
1. rounded Cape of Good Hope 2. claimed Kerguelen Islands for the British 3. discovered and died on Hawaiian Islands
46
What was significant about how Captain James Cook treated his crew?
He gave his men fresher food, green veggies and made them clean cookware better to prevent scurvy
47
What did Cook's reports open the doors for?
it opened the door for sealers to head south and take advantage of the resources
48
What was significant about the sealers voyages?
They kept their maps and discoveries to themselves to limit competition
49
Captain _____ relocated and landed on the South Shetland Islands
Captain Smith
50
Captain _____ slaughtered wildlife in the subantarctic islands and might have been the 1st to see the continent in 1819
Captain Palmer
51
Captain _____ circumnavigated Antarctica, made landings along the Antarctic Peninsula, and was the 1st to believe a southern continent did exist
Captain Biscoe
52
Captain _____ was in charge of the 1st Prussian antarctic expedition
Captain Bellinghausen
53
Bellinghausen took 2 ships and sailed to the _____ Islands
South Shetland Islands
54
Captain _____ was the 1st to circumnavigate the continent since Cook
Captain Bellinghausen
55
When Bellinghausen left Sydney, he discovered islands at the base of the peninsula which included _____ Island
Alexander Island
56
Russians stopped looking for the continent until when?
Until whaling in the 1940s
57
The Russians established the _____ station in IGY
Mirney Station
58
Alexander Island was discovered by _____
Bellinghausen
59
Who was Alexander Island named after?
Tsar Alexander the 1st
60
What was significant about Alexander Island?
It was useful to paleontologists due to the huge amount of sedimentary rock
61
Captain _____ went farther south than anyone before
Captain Wedell
62
Why was Weddell able to go farther south than anyone before?
it was a low ice year which opened the Weddell Sea
63
Did Weddell see the continent?
No, he turned back before seeing the continent
64
_____ attempted to follow Weddell's path in the Weddell Sea but couldn't due to sea ice
Dumont d'Urville
65
What did d'Urville do instead of follow Weddell?
he turned back and explored the South Shetland Islands, claiming some of the coastline
66
When did d'Urville try again to reach the continent?
He tried again in 1840 and made landfall on a rocky islet a few hundred meters from shore
67
_____ is a French research station built on Dumont d'Urville's rocky islet during the IGY
Pointe Geologie
68
What kind of research is done at d'Urville's research station called Pointe Geologie?
A lot of emperor penguin research
69
4 ships were commissioned by the US navy to explore antarcita and collect specimens, lead by _____
Charles Wilkes
70
On Charles Wilkes expedition, what 4 types of individuals were in his crew?
1. 82 Officers 2. 9 Naturalists 3. Scientists 4. Artists
71
How far did Charles Wilkes expedition make it?
70º94'S
72
What happened to one of Wilke's ships?
it was lost in a storm
73
What did the other 3 of Wilkes' ships do after the storm that took one of their ships?
They spent the winter in the Pacific
74
What happened on Wilkes 2nd voyage?
They sighted land off the Antarctic coast, couldn't land and turned back
75
What did they do instead of land on the Antarctic coast?
They explored Wilkes Islands
76
_____'s expedition was the 1st to refer to the Antarctic continent
Charles Wilkes'
77
What happened to the research done on Wilkes' expedition?
The scientific results were published in 5 volumes
78
_____ was trained in the north (knew the arctic se ice) and was sent to find the south magnetic pole and set up stations at the Cape of Good Hope, Kerguelen and Tasmania
James Clark Ross
79
Where was Ross supposed to set up stations? (3)
1. Cape of Good Hope 2. Kerguelen 3. Tasmania
80
Who was the naturalist that Ross has on his crew?
John Hooker
81
What are the 6 things that Ross and his crew discovered and saw?
1. Ross Sea 2. Ross Island 3. Ross Ice Shelf 4. Possession Island 5. Franklin Island 6. Mount Erebus
82
What was left on Possession and Franklin Island by Ross?
A flag/canister to claim it
83
Ross named _____ which is a high volcano on Ross Island
Mount Erebus
84
What did Ross encounter that he couldn't pass?
The Ross Ice Shelf (100 ft tall)
85
The _____ was an oceanographic expedition originating in England to explore the oceans and collect data
HMS Challenger Expedition
86
What did the HMS Challenger do to study the oceans and collect data?
They put dredges on the ocean floor and took samples to study in labs
87
What did the HMS Challenger discover? (3)
1. pulled up granted carried by ice which indicated a continent to the south 2. collected bio samples 3. discovered deep sea trenches and ridges
88
_____ helped publish results of the HMS Challenger expedition
Sir John Murray
89
Murray wrote _____ of the volumes for the HMS Challenger
7
90
What was significant about Murray's published research and data?
it set the stage for the heroic age

Antarctic Ecology (6 decks)

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