Lectures

Question 1

What is emotional contagion?

Answer 1

Tendency to converge emotionally w another person

Question 2

What are the two types of social knowledge?

Answer 2

Declarative knowledge - knowing that

Procedural knowledge - knowing how

Question 3

When do people remember something better?

Answer 3

People remember better when they form an impression rather than having to recall something, because impressions are linked to schemas

Question 4

What are the determinants of activation?

Answer 4

Activation is the retrieval of an element of social knowledge from a long term memory

1. Does the person have the schema?
2. Applicability
3. Accessibility
   Chronic accessibility
   Temporary accessibility
4. Spreading activation

Question 5

What is the definition of spreading activation?

Answer 5

Activation spreads from one concept to other related concepts

Question 6

What are some characteristics of automatic processing?

Answer 6

Efficient
Unintended
Difficult to control
Outside of awareness

Question 7

What are some characteristics of controlled processing?

Answer 7

Effortful
Intentional
Controllable
Aware

Question 8

Explain the three characteristics of the theory of Lay Epistemics?

Answer 8

1. Need for closure
   - Want answer on topic
   - Seizing + freezing -> first impressions + stereotypes
2. Desire for validity
   - Motivation to be accurate
   - More careful judgment – higher personal cost if wrong
3. Motivation for a specific conclusion
   - Situational benefits from 1 belief vs another
   - Cherished beliefs
   - Various biased thinking

Question 9

How was the rogue test conducted?

Answer 9

Chimpanzee in mirror – thought it was another ape then realized it was themselves
Dot on forehead – know it was them? 
Counted nbr of times they touched face
Can be repeated w young kids
Used for testing awareness of self

Question 10

What are the three types of self-awareness?

Answer 10

Subjective : self =/= environment
Objective: recognize the representation of self
Symbolic: abstract level

Question 11

How is self-construal put in place?

= definition of self

Answer 11

Through internal and external observation, assimilation, differentiation, self-narrative of autobiographical memory and self-perception

Question 12

When is an emotion a true emotion according to the 2-factor theory of emotion?

Answer 12

Physiological arousal X cognitive label = emotion

If one or other is missing – not true emotion – very disputed

Question 13

What is an example of a study disputing the 2-factor theory of emotion?

Answer 13

Injection of hormone – effect or not?
Yes – increased euphoria

When known, hormone increased but not feeling
Arousal + Ø explanation => more emotion

Question 14

What are three factors of self-processing?

Answer 14

Intersubjectivity - coordination + conflict

Symbolic interactionism - kiss, ring on finger

Self-presentation - attempt to control perception others have of us

Question 15

What are 5 procedures of self-evaluation?

Answer 15

1. Comparison w standards
2. Contingencies of self-worth - ie academic validation
3. Attribution
4. Overgeneralization
5. Social construction - what do others think of us

Question 16

What is the sociometer theory?

Answer 16

Sociometer theory proposes that self-esteem is a psychological gauge of the degree to which people perceive that they are relationally valued and socially accepted by other people.

Question 17

Which concept has the following definition?

degree to which a person is paying attention to their own thoughts, feelings, behaviours

Answer 17

Self-awareness

Question 18

What is an example of a study of self-evaluation?

Answer 18

Rating carpet samples, how do they make u feel?
Screen w image: own picture OR nothing OR cowboy video
Lowest evaluation when focus on urself

Question 19

What elements constitute the chain of self-awareness and self-regulation?

Answer 19

Self focusing cue -> self awareness -> self evaluation -> discrepancies?

yes - negative effect -> escape self-awareness OR self-regulation

Question 20

What are the three cultural frameworks/historical trends within our culture?

Answer 20

Romantic, modern, postmodern

Question 21

which period was characterized by the assumption of a deep interior, character, integrity and passion?

Answer 21

The romantic period

Bridgerton

Question 22

How was the personhood during the romantic period?

Answer 22

o Relationships as a communion of souls
o One has a character/nature, w deep inner presence
o Treat each other as beings w deep inner presences

Question 23

Who were notable psychologists in the 19th century?

Answer 23

Freud, Karl Jung – personality is not always necessarily accessible to consciousness – ppl find meaning coming from a deep place inside, in order to really understand urself you must spend years exploring the deeper aspects of yourself in therapy

Question 24

What were the core ideas of the modern period?

Answer 24

Capacity for reasoned observation, the ability to reason define humans.

Question 25

How was the art during the modern period?

Answer 25

o How do we understand what makes smt beautiful?
o Find the essence of beauty, create smt beautiful by focusing on simple ideas
o Architecture, building based almost on function in simplicity

Question 26

How did people think of others during the modern period?

Answer 26

o Ppl in terms of reasoning – beliefs, attitudes, personality traits
o Relationships as reasoned choices – dating sites

Question 27

Which psychologists were prominent during the modern period?

Answer 27

Skinner – behaviorism, try to understand why ppl do what they do to help them have a better life

Cognitive therapy – negative emotions based in how you’re thinking, think differently to change feelings

Question 28

What are the core ideas of the postmodern period?

Answer 28

o Awareness of socially constructed reality
o Self-reflection
o Sampling bits and pieces from cultural reality
o Connection makes us more aware of how ppl think + are
o Barriers of time + space have been almost erased

Question 29

What is a famous sentence that illustrates the perception of art during the postmodern phase?

Answer 29

“Ceci n’est pas une pipe”

Question 30

What psychological aspects were explored during the postmodern time period?

Answer 30

Presentation of self in everyday life

The saturated self – sense of self is not fixed, u choose your identity and explore different aspects of it

Question 31

Why are people influenced by their culture?

Answer 31

1. Consider evaluations of others + of self
2. Have always needed structure, nature of human + need to belong
3. Self-regulation according to soc standards + norms

Question 32

What are the core ideas of the existential approach?

Answer 32

Human being has certain cognitive abilities, mainly imagination and self-awareness.
The basic concerns are death and absurdity, concerns that we cope with in various ways

Question 33

What are the two ways to deal with concerns according to the existential approach?

Answer 33

Direct way: beliefs in afterlife, drugs

Indirect way: immersing oneself into a socially constructed world

Question 34

When is terror management used?

Answer 34

Terror management is used as a common, indirect way of coping with anxiety about death: to maintain a cultural worldview and defend the worldview from those who disagree.

Question 35

What are the three general attachment styles?

Answer 35

Secure, avoidant and anxious-ambivalent

Question 36

Self-fulfilling prophecy - definition and study?

Answer 36

False definition of a situation evoking a new behavior which makes the original false conception come true

Students with rats: either said to be bright or dull
‘Bright’ rats performed better in labyrinths, but that’s because students were more enthusiastic and engaged

Question 37

What is the definition of transference?

Answer 37

When a concept/schema found in someone is used in perception of a new person who resembles perso I just met

Question 38

When our thinking is determined/shaped by our language, what concept is it?

Answer 38

Linguistic relativity