Lesson 1,part 2 Flashcards
(65 cards)
Accuracy
Accuracy (noun) – The quality of being correct, exact, or free from errors.
Examples:
1. The accuracy of his measurements ensured a perfect fit.
2. She doubted the accuracy of the news report.
3. High accuracy is essential in scientific experiments.
Synonyms:
• Precision
• Correctness
• Exactness
• Authenticity
• Reliability
Struggle
The word “struggle” can be used as both a noun and a verb in English, with slightly different meanings. Here’s a breakdown of its usage:
### As a Verb (to struggle):
Meaning: To make a great effort to overcome a challenge, difficulty, or opposition.
Examples:
- “She struggled** to learn English but never gave up.”
- “The protesters struggled** against the new law.”
- “He’s struggling** financially after losing his job.”
### As a Noun (a struggle):
Meaning: A difficult effort, fight, or conflict.
Examples:
- “Learning a new language is a real struggle** for some people.”
- “The country’s struggle** for independence lasted decades.”
- “His life has been full of struggles, but he remains hopeful.”*
### Common Phrases with “Struggle”:
- “Struggle with” (having difficulty in a particular area)
- “Many students *struggle with math.”
- “Struggle against” (fighting/resisting something)
- “They struggled against** corruption.”
- “Struggle for” (fighting to achieve something)
- “Her struggle for** recognition finally paid off.”
- “Power struggle” (a fight for control)
- “There’s a power struggle** in the company’s leadership.”
### Synonyms for “Struggle”:
- Verb: fight, strive, battle, grapple, labor
- Noun: challenge, hardship, conflict, effort, ordeal
Would you like example sentences in a specific context? 😊
Sitcoms
Sitcom (short for “situation comedy”) is a popular TV genre featuring a recurring cast of characters in humorous, everyday situations. They usually follow a fixed structure, with jokes, misunderstandings, and lighthearted conflicts resolved by the end of each episode.
—
### 📺 Key Features of Sitcoms:
✔ Short Episodes (20-30 minutes)
✔ Laugh Track or Live Audience (though some modern sitcoms skip this)
✔ Recurring Jokes & Catchphrases (e.g., “How you doin’?” – Friends)
✔ Simple, Relatable Plots (family, work, friendships)
✔ Happy Ending per Episode
—
### 🎭 Types of Sitcoms:
1. Traditional Sitcoms (Live audience, studio setting)
- Friends, The Big Bang Theory, Seinfeld
2. Mockumentary Style (Fake documentary format)
- The Office, Parks and Recreation, Modern Family
3. Animated Sitcoms
- The Simpsons, Family Guy, Rick and Morty
4. Workplace Sitcoms (Humor based on jobs)
- Brooklyn Nine-Nine, Superstore, The IT Crowd
5. Family Sitcoms (Home/family-centered humor)
- Full House, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Everybody Loves Raymond
—
### 🌟 Why Are Sitcoms Popular?
- Easy to Watch (Light, funny, no heavy commitment)
- Relatable Characters (We see ourselves in their flaws & quirks)
- Comforting Repetition (Familiar settings & running gags)
- Great for Language Learning (Natural dialogues, common slang)
—
### 📌 Must-Watch Sitcoms (Beginner to Advanced English Learners)
| Title | Why Watch? |
|———–|—————|
| Friends | Classic humor, clear dialogues |
| How I Met Your Mother | Fun storytelling, modern slang |
| The Office (US) | Workplace humor, sarcasm |
| Brooklyn Nine-Nine | Fast jokes, diverse accents |
| The Good Place | Clever wordplay, philosophical humor |
—
### 💡 Tips for Learning English with Sitcoms:
- Use subtitles (Start with English, then turn them off).
- Repeat funny phrases (Mimic the tone & pronunciation).
- Watch short clips first (YouTube compilations of best moments).
- Pick sitcoms with your accent preference (American/British).
—
Which sitcom is your favorite? 😊 If you want recommendations based on your English level, let me know!
Intonation
Intonation refers to the rise and fall of pitch in spoken language. It plays a crucial role in conveying meaning, emotions, and intentions.
Types of Intonation:
1. Falling Intonation (↘️)
This occurs when the pitch drops at the end of a sentence. It is commonly used in:
✅ Statements
• I live in Tehran. ↘️
• She is a doctor. ↘️
✅ Wh- Questions (questions that start with who, what, where, when, why, how)
• Where do you live? ↘️
• What is your name? ↘️
✅ Commands
• Sit down. ↘️
• Close the door. ↘️
2. Rising Intonation (↗️)
Here, the pitch rises at the end of the sentence. It is commonly used in:
✅ Yes/No Questions
• Do you like coffee? ↗️
• Is he your friend? ↗️
✅ Polite Requests
• Could you help me? ↗️
✅ Incomplete Thoughts
• If you need help, just call me… ↗️
3. Fall-Rise Intonation (↘️↗️)
The pitch first falls and then rises. It is often used to express doubt, hesitation, or contrast.
✅ Uncertainty / Hesitation
• Well, I’m not sure… ↘️↗️
• I think so… ↘️↗️
✅ Expressing Surprise or Doubt
• You did what?! ↘️↗️
4. Level Intonation (→)
This occurs when the pitch remains flat, making speech sound monotonous or uninterested.
✅ Used in:
• Reading a text without expression
• Speaking in a dull or robotic way
Why is Intonation Important?
✅ It makes speech sound natural.
✅ It can change the meaning of a sentence.
✅ It helps express emotions (questions, surprise, emphasis, etc.).
Example:
• “You’re going to the party.”
• ↘️ Falling Intonation: (a simple statement) You are going to the party.
• ↗️ Rising Intonation: (a question) Are you going to the party?
• ↘️↗️ Fall-Rise Intonation: (doubt or surprise) You’re really going to the party?
Sign off
“Sign off” means to end or conclude a communication, such as a letter, email, or conversation. It typically refers to the closing remarks or the way you formally end a message. For example, in a letter or email, phrases like “Best regards” or “Sincerely” are common ways to sign off.
script
In most cases, “script” refers to the written text for a play, movie, or TV show, containing dialogue and instructions.
Three examples:
1. The actor memorized his script for the play.
2. She’s working on the script for a new TV series.
3. The director gave the actors notes on their scripts before filming.
Five synonyms for “script”:
1. Manuscript
2. Text
3. Screenplay
4. Dialogue
5. Scenario
Shy person
A “shy person” is someone who feels nervous, uncomfortable, or self-conscious in social situations, often avoiding interactions with others, especially in unfamiliar settings or with people they don’t know well.
Examples:
1. The shy person in the group didn’t say much during the meeting.
2. She is a shy person, so it takes her a while to open up to new people.
3. He’s always been a shy person, but he’s trying to be more outgoing lately.
Synonyms:
1. Introverted
2. Timid
3. Reserved
4. Quiet
5. Reticent
end up
“End up” means to reach a final state or result, often unexpectedly or as a consequence of a series of events or actions. It refers to the outcome of a situation, sometimes where the final result is surprising or unintended.
Examples:
1. After getting lost for hours, we ended up finding the restaurant.
2. I didn’t plan to go to the party, but I ended up having a great time.
3. He started as a teacher but ended up becoming a principal.
Synonyms:
1. Result
2. Conclude
3. Turn out
4. Finish
5. Wind up
Amused
“Amused” means feeling entertained, pleased, or finding something funny or enjoyable.
Examples:
1. The comedian’s jokes really amused the audience.
2. She was amused by the children’s playful behavior.
3. I was amused by the funny video he showed me.
Synonyms:
1. Entertained
2. Pleased
3. Delighted
4. Enjoying
5. Cheerful
Advert
Phonetic transcription: /ˈædvɜːt/
Part of speech: Noun
Meaning:
“Advert” is a shortened form of advertisement, meaning a promotional message or an announcement designed to attract attention. It is commonly used for ads in various media, such as TV, the internet, newspapers, and billboards.
Examples:
1. The company released a new advert to promote its latest product.
2. I saw an advert for a job opening at a tech company.
3. The catchy advert made me want to buy the new phone.
Synonyms:
• Advertisement
• Commercial
• Promotion
• Publicity
• Announcement
Negotiable
Negotiable (adjective) means something that is open to discussion or adjustment. It refers to conditions, terms, or prices that can be altered through negotiation or agreement between parties.
Examples:
1. The price of the car is negotiable.
2. The terms of the contract are negotiable.
3. We can make the delivery time negotiable depending on your needs.
Synonyms:
• Adjustable
• Open to negotiation
• Flexible
• Modifiable
Phonetic transcription: /nɪˈɡəʊʃəbl/
Part of speech: Adjective
limited enrollment
“Limited enrollment” refers to a situation where there is a restricted or limited number of spots available for participants, students, or members to join a program, course, event, or activity. It indicates that only a certain number of people can register or sign up.
Examples:
1. The course has limited enrollment, so register early.
2. Due to limited enrollment, the event may fill up quickly.
3. The program accepts only a few candidates because of limited enrollment.
Synonyms:
• Restricted registration
• Limited availability
• Closed enrollment
• Limited capacity
Phonetic transcription: /ˈlɪmɪtɪd ɛnˈrəʊlmənt/
Part of speech: Noun phrase
Negotiation
Negotiation (noun) refers to the process of discussing or bargaining between two or more parties in order to reach an agreement or resolve a conflict. It involves communication and compromise to settle differences, especially regarding terms, conditions, or prices.
Examples:
1. The negotiation between the two companies lasted for several weeks.
(مذاکره بین دو شرکت چندین هفته طول کشید.)
2. After a long negotiation, they finally agreed on the contract terms.
(پس از یک مذاکره طولانی، آنها در نهایت بر سر شرایط قرارداد توافق کردند.)
3. Effective negotiation requires good communication skills.
(مذاکره مؤثر نیاز به مهارتهای ارتباطی خوب دارد.)
Synonyms:
• Bargaining
• Discussion
• Mediation
• Deal-making
• Talks
Phonetic transcription: /nɪˌɡəʊʃiˈeɪʃən/
Part of speech: Noun
Non-refundable deposit
A “non-refundable deposit” refers to a sum of money paid in advance for a service or product that cannot be returned if the buyer or customer cancels the agreement or does not follow through with the transaction. This type of deposit is typically used to secure a booking or reservation and is meant to cover potential losses for the seller or service provider.
Examples:
1. The hotel requires a non-refundable deposit to confirm your reservation.
(هتل یک ودیعه غیرقابل استرداد برای تأیید رزرو شما درخواست میکند.)
2. You must pay a non-refundable deposit when booking the event venue.
(شما باید هنگام رزرو مکان رویداد یک ودیعه غیرقابل استرداد پرداخت کنید.)
3. The tour package requires a non-refundable deposit to secure your spot.
(بسته تور برای تأمین جایگاه شما به یک ودیعه غیرقابل استرداد نیاز دارد.)
Synonyms:
• Irrevocable deposit
• Non-returnable deposit
• Non-refundable payment
Phonetic transcription: /nɒn rɪˈfʌndəbl dɪˈpɒzɪt/
Part of speech: Noun phrase
Enquire
Enquire (verb) means to ask about something or to seek information. It is commonly used in British English, while in American English, the word “inquire” is more common, but both words have the same meaning.
Examples:
1. I would like to enquire about the price of the product.
(من میخواهم درباره قیمت محصول سوال بپرسم.)
2. She went to the reception desk to enquire about the event schedule.
(او به میز پذیرش رفت تا درباره برنامه رویداد سوال بپرسد.)
3. Feel free to enquire if you need any more information.
(اگر به اطلاعات بیشتری نیاز دارید، میتوانید سوال بپرسید.)
Synonyms:
• Ask
• Question
• Seek information
• Investigate
Phonetic transcription: /ɪnˈkwaɪə/
Part of speech: Verb
Enquiries
Enquiries (plural of enquiry) refers to questions or requests for information. It is commonly used in British English, while in American English, “inquiries” is more frequently used.
Examples:
1. We received several enquiries about the job opening.
(ما چندین درخواست اطلاعات درباره موقعیت شغلی دریافت کردیم.)
2. The customer service department handles all enquiries.
(دپارتمان خدمات مشتری تمام درخواستهای اطلاعات را پاسخ میدهد.)
3. Please direct all enquiries to the main office.
(لطفاً تمام درخواستهای اطلاعات را به دفتر مرکزی ارسال کنید.)
Synonyms:
• Questions
• Requests
• Queries
• Inquiries
Phonetic transcription: /ɪnˈkwaɪəriz/
Part of speech: Noun (plural)
Booked
Booked (verb – past tense of book) means to arrange for someone to have a seat, room, or place on a trip, event, or service in advance. It refers to making a reservation or securing a spot for something.
Examples:
1. She booked a flight to Paris for next weekend.
2. I booked a table at the restaurant for our anniversary dinner.
3. He booked a hotel room for the business trip.
Synonyms:
• Reserved
• Scheduled
• Arranged
• Secured
Phonetic transcription: /bʊkt/
Part of speech: Verb (past tense of book)
Do it in person
“Do it in person” means to perform an action or complete a task by being physically present, rather than doing it online, by phone, or through someone else.
Examples:
1. If you want to cancel your membership, you have to do it in person.
2. She prefers to apologize face-to-face, so she will do it in person.
3. You can apply online, but it’s better to do it in person at the office.
Synonyms:
• Face-to-face
• Personally
• Directly
Phonetic transcription: /duː ɪt ɪn ˈpɜːsən/
Part of speech: Phrase
Bear with me
The phrase “bear a minute” is not commonly used in English, but it seems like you’re referring to the expression “bear with me for a minute” or “bear with me”, which means to be patient and wait for a short period of time.
Examples:
1. Bear with me for a minute, I’ll be right back.
2. Could you bear with me while I finish this task?
In this context, “bear” means to tolerate or endure. The phrase is asking someone to be patient for a short time.
Synonyms:
• Be patient
• Wait a moment
• Hold on
• Give me a second
Phonetic transcription: /beər wɪð mi/
Part of speech: Phrase
I appreciate that
“I appreciate that” is a polite expression used to show gratitude or recognition for something someone has done or said. It means you acknowledge and are thankful for their action or words.
Examples:
1. I appreciate that you took the time to help me.
(من قدردانی میکنم که وقت گذاشتی و به من کمک کردی.)
2. I appreciate that you understand my situation.
(من قدردانی میکنم که وضعیت من را درک میکنی.)
3. I appreciate that you informed me in advance.
(من قدردانی میکنم که زودتر من را مطلع کردی.)
Synonyms:
• I’m grateful
• I value that
• Thank you for that
• That means a lot
Phonetic transcription: /aɪ əˈpriːʃieɪt ðæt/
Part of speech: Phrase
Sorry to keep you
“Sorry to keep you” is a polite way of apologizing for taking someone’s time, especially if the person has been waiting for you or if you feel that you’ve delayed them. It is often followed by an explanation or further apology.
Examples:
1. Sorry to keep you, but I just need a few more minutes.
2. Sorry to keep you waiting, I’ll be ready in just a moment.
3. Sorry to keep you, I hope I haven’t caused too much inconvenience.
Synonyms:
• Sorry for the delay
• Apologies for keeping you
• Sorry to make you wait
Phonetic transcription: /ˈsɔːri tʊ kiːp juː/
Part of speech: Phrase
I’m afraid…
“I’m afraid” is a polite way to introduce bad news, express concern, or say something that might be disappointing or negative. It is often used to soften the impact of a difficult or uncomfortable statement.
Examples:
1. I’m afraid I can’t help you with that right now.
(متأسفم، الان نمیتوانم در این مورد به شما کمک کنم.)
2. I’m afraid we don’t have any available rooms.
(متأسفم، اتاق خالی نداریم.)
3. I’m afraid I have to cancel our meeting.
(متأسفم، باید جلسهمان را لغو کنم.)
Synonyms:
• Unfortunately
• I’m sorry to say
• Regrettably
• I’m sorry, but
Phonetic transcription: /aɪm əˈfreɪd/
Part of speech: Phrase
I see
“I see” is a common expression used to show understanding or acknowledgment of what someone has said. It can be used to indicate that you comprehend information, or sometimes to show empathy or that you are listening attentively.
Examples:
1. “I see, that makes sense now.”
(میبینم، حالا این موضوع منطقی است.)
2. “I see what you mean, I’ll look into it.”
(میبینم چه میگویی، من این موضوع را بررسی خواهم کرد.)
3. “Oh, I see, you were talking about a different date.”
(آه، میبینم، شما در مورد تاریخ دیگری صحبت میکردید.)
Synonyms:
• I understand
• I get it
• Got it
• Understood
Phonetic transcription: /aɪ siː/
Part of speech: Phrase
Make it up
The phrase “make it up” has several meanings depending on the context. Here are some common uses:
- To reconcile or resolve a conflict (usually after an argument)
In this context, it means to apologize or settle a disagreement with someone.
Examples:
• After their fight, they decided to make it up and become friends again.
(بعد از دعوایشان، تصمیم گرفتند که آشتی کنند و دوباره دوستان شوند.)
• I’m sorry for what happened. Let’s make it up to each other.
(برای چیزی که پیش آمد معذرت میخواهم. بیایید آشتی کنیم.)
- To invent or fabricate something
In this context, it means to create or tell something that isn’t true, usually as a story or excuse.
Examples:
• He made up a story about why he was late to work.
(او یک داستان ساخت که چرا دیر به محل کار رسید.)
• She made up an excuse to avoid going to the party.
(او بهانهای ساخت تا از رفتن به مهمانی خودداری کند.)
- To complete something that was unfinished or missed
It can also mean to compensate for something missed or not done.
Examples:
• I missed the class yesterday, so I need to make it up.
(دیروز کلاس را از دست دادم، بنابراین باید جبرانش کنم.)
• You should make up for the work you didn’t do last week.
(باید کارهایی را که هفته گذشته انجام ندادی جبران کنی.)
Synonyms:
• Reconcile
• Compensate
• Invent
• Fabricate
Phonetic transcription: /meɪk ɪt ʌp/
Part of speech: Phrasal verb
