Lesson 2

Question 1

How long is the gastointestinal tract

Answer 1

9m long

Traversing the thoracic and abdominal cavity crossing the diaphragm

Question 2

What are the characteristics of the serous membrane? Peritoneum

Answer 2

They cover organs and secrete lubrificant, the parietal portion lines the body wall and the visceral portion covers the internal organs

Question 3

What are the abdominal organs that lie posterior to the parietal peritoneum

Answer 3

Pancreas kidneys adrenal glands duodenum colon and abdominal aorta

Question 4

What are the layers of the Gi tract

Answer 4

The inside is covered by mucosa = absorbtion and secretion of nutrients
Submucosa
Internal circular and external longitudinal smooth muscle layer
Serosa

Question 5

What are the roles of the gut associated lymphatic tissue

Answer 5

Numerous lymphatic follicles singly or grouped
In the mucous of the GIT
Form together with the diffusely distribuited lymphocytes the Galt
Represent a part of the system specific immunity

Question 6

To what is the esophagus connected to

Answer 6

The pharynx and the stomach

Question 7

How long in the esophagus

Answer 7

20-30 cm

Question 8

What are the esophagus constrictions

Answer 8

At cricoid cartilage
At aortic arch
At diaphragmatic histus

Question 9

What is the volume of the stomach

Answer 9

1200-1600 ml

Question 10

What are the phases of gastric juice release

Answer 10

A cephalic reflex phase
A local gastric phase
And an intestinal phase

Question 11

What are the functions of the stomach

Answer 11

Food storage and food break down into chyme

Question 12

What supplies blood to the stomach

Answer 12

Gastroepiploic artery

And gastric arteries

Question 13

Composition of small intestine

Answer 13

Duodenum
Jejumum 2/5 of small intestine
Ileum lower 3/5 of small intestine

6 m long

Question 14

What are the three parts of the esophagus

Answer 14

Cervical part
Thoracic part
Abdominal part

Question 15

What is the volume of the stomach

Answer 15

1200-1600 ml

Question 16

What are the layers of the stomach

Answer 16

Mucosa

Smooth muscle of gastric wall

Question 17

What are the parts of the large intestine

Answer 17

Cecum 
Colon 
Appendix 
Rectum 
Anal canal

Question 18

Where and what is the cecum

Answer 18

Its the beginnin go the large intestine

A worm like tube called appendix attaches there

Question 19

What is the colon function

Answer 19

Liquid waste removed and made into campact waste, colon absorbs most of the water

Question 20

Taenia coli

Answer 20

Bands of longitudinal muscle running along the outside of the colon

Question 21

Function of rectum

Answer 21

Expell solid waste
15 cm long
End of the anum
Lies outside peritoneal cavity

Question 22

What are the main intestinal vasculature

Answer 22

Superior masenteric artery

Inferior masenteric artery

Question 23

What is peristalsis

Answer 23

Rythmic contractoon that moves food down intestinal tract

Question 24

Function of liver

Answer 24

Bile exectrition
Metabolism
Detoxification

Question 25

Gallbladder

Answer 25

Bile storage

Question 26

Pancreas

Answer 26

Digestive enzymes production | Hco3 as h buffer

Question 27

Swallowing stages

Answer 27

``` Voluntary stage (initated the swallowing processes) Pharyngeal stage (passage through pharynx Esophageal stage ```

Question 28

Chyme

Answer 28

Mixing food with gastric secretion

Question 29

Gastric factors

Answer 29

Food volume increased food | Gastrin seems to enhance the activity of pyloric pump

Question 30

Duodenal factors

Answer 30

Enterogastric nervous reflexes Cck inhibits stomach motility Secretin Gip (other possible inhibitors

Question 31

Propolsive movements

Answer 31

Inherent property of many syncytial smooth miscle tubes Usual stimuli: distention of the gut but also strong parasymphatetic input elicits peristalsis Effectual peristalsis requires active myenteric plexus

Question 32

Mixing movements

Answer 32

Differ in different parts of the alimentary tract

Question 33

Enteric nervous system

Answer 33

Own nervous system 100 million neurons Important in controllimg gastrointestinal movements (myenteric plexus) and secretion (submucosal plexus) Inputs from symphatetic and parasympathetic ns can greatly enhance or inhibits GI function

Question 34

Resting membrane potential of smooth muscle

Answer 34

-56mV

Question 35

Gastrin

Answer 35

Stimulates gastric acid secretion | G cells of antrum , duodendum

Question 36

CCK

Answer 36

Stimulus = protein fat acid Stimulates pancreativ enzyme and bicarbonate secretiongallbladder contraction Inhibits gastric emptying

Question 37

Secritin

Answer 37

Inhibits intestinal motility Stimulates pepsin secretion Bicarbonate secretion Inhibits gastric secretion acid secretion

Question 38

What is splanchnic cicrulation

Answer 38

Its roughly 30% of cardiac output | Its blood flow through gut+ blood flow through spleen, pancreas + liver

Question 39

Blood supply to gut

Answer 39

Sup. And inf. mesenteric artery -> small and large intestine | Celiac artery -> stomach

Question 40

How does blood flow increases during GI activity

Answer 40

Several vasodilatator substances released from GIT Decreased local oxygen concentration Autonomous NS = parasymphatetic local blood flow increase