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Anatomy II > Lesson 5 > Flashcards

Lesson 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

How does the endocrine system regulates body processes

A

Secretes hormons that are transported to target cells via the blood or by surrounding interstinal fluids
Causes changes in the metabolic activity
Actions is relstively slow
Effects are prolonges

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2
Q

How does the nervous system regulates body processes

A

Transmits neurochemical impulses via nerve fibers
Causes muscles to contract or glands to secrete
Action is very rapid
Effects are relatively brief

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3
Q

How are the exocrine glands

A

Glandular epithelial cells forming exocrine secretions

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4
Q

Endocrine gland with follicle formations

A

Glandular epithelial cell forming hormones

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5
Q

Major endocrine organs of the body

A

Stomach
Kidney
Mucosal cell of duodendum
Placenta

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6
Q

Where are hormones produced

A

Endocrine glands

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7
Q

Why is Endocrine system unique

A

is unique in that glands are widely scattered throughout the body

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8
Q

Hormones of hypothalamus

A 
Thyrotropin releasing hormone 
Dopamine 
Growth hormone releasing hormone 
Somatostatin 
Honadotropin releasing hormon 
Oxytocin 
Vasopressin 
Corticotropin releasing hormone
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9
Q

Thyroid

A

Triiodothyronine

Thyroxine

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10
Q

Hormone in the pineal gland

A

Melatonin

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11
Q

Pituitary gland

A 
Anterior pituitary 
Growth hormones
Thyroid stimulating hormone 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 
Lutenizing hormon 
Prolactin

Posterior pituitary
Oxytocin
Vasopressin
Antidiuretic hormone

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12
Q

Hormones of duodendum

A

Secretin

Cholecystokinin

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13
Q

Hormones of kidney

A

Renin
Erythropoietin
Clcitrol
Thrombopoietin

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14
Q

Hormones of pancres

A

Insulin
Glucacon
Somatostatin
Pancreas polypeptide

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15
Q

Adrenal glands hormones

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Androgens

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16
Q

Adrenal medulla hormones

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Dopamine
Enkephalin

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17
Q

Ovary hormones

A

Progesterone
Androstenedione
Estrogens
Inhibin

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18
Q

Hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary glands

A

Directly on tissues ( effector hornones )

  • growth hormones
  • melanocytes stimulating hormones
  • Prolactin
Glanditropic hormones 
- gonadotropins 
—follicle stimulating hormone 
— lutenizing hormone 
-non-gonadotropins 
—adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH 
— thyroid stimulating hormones TSH
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19
Q

Posterior pituitary ( neurohypophysis )

A

Antidiuretic hormones ADH= vasopressin
Oxytocin = stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterin contraction
Those neurons are formed in the hypothalamus

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20
Q

Whats hypophysectomy

A

Surgical excision of pituitary

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21
Q

Tumor of pituitary

A

15% of brain tumor
Most of them are benign
Adenomas might be sectretory
They might compress optic nerve tracts and optic chiasm

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22
Q

What are the principal thyroid hormones

A

T3 = triidothyronine and T4 =thyrodine
Calcitonin

They are lipophilic hormones
They cross the cell membeane act on intracellular receptors
Increases the rates pf most chemical reactions in the

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of t3 and t4

A
  • lipophilic hormone
  • able to cross cell membranes -> act on intracellular receptor
  • increases the rates of most cellular reactions in body cells - increased metabolic rate
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24
Q

What are parathyroid glans

A

Embedded in the posterior surfaces of the lateral lobes of the thyroid
Usually 4 parathyroid glans
Secrete PTH increase blood calcium opposite calcitonin

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25
What do alpha cells produce
Glucagon
26
What do beta cells produce
Insulin
27
What does glucagon do
Stimulates liver to break down glycogen to produce glucose
28
What’s the role of insulin
Decrease blood glucose levels
29
What is the consequence of failure of beta c’è;la to produce insulin
Diabetics mellitus
30
What are adrenal glands
- paired organs that cap the superior border of the kidney - they are retroperitoneal organs - consist of an outer adrenal cortex and an inner medulla
31
What types of hormones does the adrenal cortex release
- mineralocorticoids - glucocorticoids - gonadocorticoids
32
What are mineralocorticoids
Like aldosterone They regulate the concentration of extra cellular electrocytes ZONA GLOMERULOSA
33
What are glucocorticoids
Like cortisol - regulate blood glucoses - limit inflammation - physical stress involved - circadian blood levels ZONA FASCICULATA
34
What’s godanocorticoids
Sex hormone like DHEA precursor of androgen and estrogen Androgen stimulates anabolism ZONA RETICULARIS
35
What hormones does the adrenal medulla release
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
36
What is the medulla role
Connected with nerve fibers of the autonomic NS Intermediate role between ANS and endocrine systems
37
What is the stress hormone
Act on the whole body - increase of blood pressure hearth rate stroke volume respiratory
38
What are gonads
Male and female primary sex organs Male = testis Female gonads = ovaries They produce sex hormones and sex cells
39
What can hormones control and regulate
- enzyme activity - transport process - growth - secretion of hormones
40
What are the kinds of hormones that derive from cholesterol or amino acids
- proteins - made of amino acids - steroids - amine derived from tyrosine
41
Types of hormones
- releasing hormones Formed in hypothalamus stimulates release of hormones in the pituitary gland - inhibiting hormones Formed in hypothalamus inhibit release of hormones in the pituitary - glandotrope hormones Formed in pituitary stimulate peripheral endocrine glands to secrete somatotrope hormones - somatotrope effector hormones Direct effect on target organs
42
Route of action hormones
Autocrin Has an effect on the secreting cell itself Paracrine Reach neighbored cells of the same organ Endocrine Reaches cells of other organ through blood system
43
Which receptors do they target
Extracellular receptors on target cells | Steroid and thyroid hormons via intracellular receptors
44
Hormons of pituitary gland with hypophysis
ACHT, TSH , FSH , LH, GH, MSH, Prolactin, Oxytocin
45
Pineal gland
Melatonin
46
Thyroid gland
Thyroxin, triiodothyronine , calcitonin
47
Parathyroid glands
Parathormon
48
Adrenal glands
Cortisol, aldosterone , androgen , epinephrine
49
Pancreatic islet cells
Insulin , glucagon , somatostatin
50
Ovary
Estrogen , progesterone
51
Testes
Androgen
52
Gastrointestinal cells
Gastrin, secretin , cholecystokinin
53
Atria of the heart
ANP
54
Kidney
Erythropoietin, renin
55
Which hormons do not enter the cells
Proteins and amines
56
Which hormones enter the cells
Steroid
57
Who’s the central energy carrier of the body
Glucose
58
Who’s fully glucose dependent
The brain and red blood cells
59
What is controlled by glucose production and consumption
Plasma glucose concentration
60
What plays a primary role in carbohydrate metabolism
Islets of langerhans in the pancreas
61
What do alpha cells produce
Glucagon
62
Beta cells
Synthetize insulin
63
D cells
Se create somatostatin
64
What are the three roles of pancreatic hormones
- ensure food in stored as glycogen and fat - mobilize energy reserves glucagon - maintain plasma glucose concentration constant and promote growth -
65
What is diabetics mellitus and what does it leads to
Caused by absolute of relative lack of insulin , increase plasma glucose concentration
66
Types of diabetics
Type I - insulin dependent complete lack of it | Type II - relative insulin deficiency (non insulin dependent)
67
What are the main roles of insulin
Create energy reserves - promote cellular glucose uptake , stimulate protein synthesis and inhibit breakdown
68
What are the chronic effects of insulin deficiency
- polyneurophaty - cataract - more infections - raised risk of thrombosis - macroangiopathy - microangiopathy
69
Where are thyroid hormones produced
In the spherical follicoli of the glans Follicle cells T3 and T4 C cells calcitonin
70
Where are t3 and t4 stored
In colloid of follicles
71
What is their synthesis controlled by ?
By the TRH and TSH
72
What does TSH do
Control all thyroid gland functions , including uptake of iodine Synthesis and secretion of t3t4 Blood flow and growth of thyroid glands
73
T3 and T 4 where do they bind
99% to plasma protein in blood
74
Where is the iodine taken up from
Bloodstream
75
What organs are affected by thyroid hormones
Every organ system
76
Which is more potent
T3 is more potent than t4 3-8 times
77
What is their effect
Increase mithocondria Increase sodium potassium pump Efficacy of other hormons Stimulate growth
78
What is goiter / strums
Diffuse or modular enlargements of the thyroid gland
79
What is the most common component in T3T4
Iodine
80
What is important for normal thyroid production
Intake of iodine
81
What happens with inadequate levels of t3/t4
Lack of negative feedback High levels of TSH Stimulation of abnormal growth
82
What is hyperthyroidism
Thyroid tumor leads in overproduction of thyroid hormons indipendent of TSH
83
What’s hypothyroidism
It occurs when TSH driven thyroid enlargement is not able to compensate for hormone deficiency
84
Where are cortisol and cortisone produced
In the fascicular zone of adrenal cortex
85
How does cortisol transport happen
Bound to transcortin in the blood plasma
86
What regulates cortisol
CRH and ACTH
87
What is Cushing syndrome
Excess of adrenocorticoids Increased plasma glucose Inadequate ACHT due to hypophyseal tumor ‘ adrenal cortical tumor
88
What disease is about deficiency of adrenocorticoids
Addison’s disease
89
What are the effects of adrenocorticoids hormon excess
``` Polycythemia, leukocytes is, eosipenia Diabetics Redistribution of fat Susceptibility of infection Neurophysiological disorders Atherosclerosis Gastric ulcers Amenorrea or precocious pseudo puberty Renal damage Electrolyte disturbance ```

Anatomy II (9 decks)

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