Lesson 2 Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
Any nutritious substance that people or animals, car or drink or plants absorb, in order to maintain life and growth.
A
Food
2
Q
Is a complex set of organs, glands and ducts that work together to transform food into nutrients for cells
A
Digestive System
3
Q
Functions of Digestive System:
is the consumption of solid or liquid food, usually through the mouth
A
Ingestion
4
Q
Functions of Digestive System:
- is chewing
A
Mastication
5
Q
Functions of Digestive System:
- is the movement of food from one end of the digestive tract to the other
A
Propulsion
6
Q
Functions of Digestive System:
- is the movement of food back and forth
A
Mixing
7
Q
Functions of Digestive System:
- is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed.
A
Digestion
8
Q
Occurs through mechanical and chemical means
A
Digestion
9
Q
Functions of Digestive System:
- is the addition of liquids, enzymes and mucus to the ingested food
A
Secretion
10
Q
Functions of Digestive System:
is the movement of molecules out of the digestive tract and into the blood of the lymphatic system
A
Absorption
11
Q
Functions of Digestive System:
is the removal of undigested material
A
Elimination
12
Q
Digestive tract and gastrointestinal tract
Consists of:
A
The oral cavity
The pharynx
The esophagus
The stomach
The small and large intestine
The anus
13
Q
What are the 3 specific associated organs of the digestive system?
A
Salivary glands
The liver
The pancreas
14
Q
Empty into the oral cavity
A
Salivary glands
15
Q
Empty into the small intestine
A
The pancreas
16
Q
Four Major Tunics of the digestive tract
A
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
17
Q
The innermost tunic
A
Mucosa
18
Q
Lies just outside the mucosa
A
Submucosa
19
Q
Lies outside the submucosa
A
Muscularis
20
Q
is the outermost layer of the digestive tract
A
Serosa
21
Q
Is a continuous membrane which lines the abdominal cavity and covers abdominal organs
A
Peritoneum
22
Q
Is a serous membrane that covers the organs
A
Visceral Peritoneum
23
Q
Is a serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity
A
Parietal Peritoneum
24
Q
Is a general term referring to the serous membranes attached to the abdominal organs
A
Messentery
25
the messentery associated with the small intestine
Messentery Proper
26
The messentery connecting the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver and diaphragm
Lesser Omentum
27
The messentery connecting the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon and posterior body wall
Greater Omentum
28
are the muscular structures, formed mostly by the orbicularis Oris muscle
Lips
29
Outer surfaces are covered by skin
Lips
30
It forms the lateral walls of the oral cavity
Cheeks
31
Is a large muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity
Tongue
32
The anterior attachment of the tongue to the floor of the mouth by a thin fold of tissue
Frenelum
33
The hardest white outer part of the tooth
Enamel
34
Mostly made up of calcium phosphate
Enamel
35
A layer underlying the enamel
Dentin
36
The softer living inner structure of teeth
Pulp
37
A layer of connective tissue that binds the roots of the teeth firmly to the gums and jawbone
Cementum
38
Tissue that helps hold the teeth tightly against the jaw
Periodontal ligament
39
Each tooth consists of three regions:
Crown, Neck, Root
40
Visible portion of the tooth
Crown
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Small region between the crown and the root
Neck
42
Anchors in it the bone of the maxillae and mandible
Root
43
"Roof" of the oral cavity
Palate
44
the anterior part and contains the bone
Hard palate
45
the posterior part and consists of skeletal muscle and connective tissue
Soft palate
46
A posterior extension of the soft palate
Uvula
47
are located in the lateral posterior walls of the oral cavity, in the nasopharynx, and in the posterior surface of the tongue
Tonsils
48
A normal adult mouth has?
32 teeth
49
The middle most four teeth on the upper and lower jaws
Incisors
50
The pointed teeth just outside the incisors
Canines
51
Teeth between the canines and molars
Premolars
52
Flat teeth in the rear of the mouth, best at grinding food
Molars
53
Erupt at around age 28 but often surgically removed to prevent displacement of other teeth
Wisdom teeth
54
A mixture of serous membrane fluids
Saliva
55
What are the 3 major pairs of salivary glands
Parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands
56
The largest of the salivary glands
Parotid glands
57
Produce more serous the mucous secretions
Submandibular glands
58
Smallest of the salivary glands
Sublingual glands
59
Or deglutition
Swallowing
60
Swallowing is divided into three phases:
The voluntary phase, The pharyngeal phase, The esophageal phase
61
Commonly known as " Buccal Phase"
The voluntary phase
62
construction of the tongue to push up the bolus up
The voluntary phase
63
A rapid phase of muscle contraction to propel the bolus
The pharyngeal phase
64
An autonomous process not under voluntary control
The esophageal phase
65
The stomach is divided into 4 regions:
Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pylorus
66
The first part of the stomach
Cardia
67
Is a dome- shaped part of the stomach
Fundus
68
The main part of the stomach
Body
69
The largest part of the stomach
Body
70
Connects the stomach to the doudenum
Pylorus
71
It is the opening between the stomach and the small intestine
Pylorus
72
Is a very powerful sphincter
Pyloric sphincter
73
As food enters the stomach, the food mixed with stomach secretions to become a semifluid mixture
Chyme
74
4 substances of stomach
Hydrochloric acid, Pepsin, Mucus, Intrinsic factor
75
Kills microorganisms
Hydrochloric acid
76
Digest proteins found in indigested food
Pepsin
77
Forms a thick layer, which lubricates the epithelial cells of the stomach wall and protects them from the damaging effect of the acidic chyme and pepsin
Mucus
78
Binds with vitamin B12 and makes it more readily absorbed in the small intestine
Intrinsic factor
79
Major function of small intestine
Absorption of nutrients
80
How long does the small intestine?
6m long
81
Small intestine consists of 3 parts:
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
82
The first part of the small intestine
Duodenum
83
Primary functions: to absorb sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids
Jejunum
84
Middle portion of the small intestine
Jejunum
85
Absorbs any remaining nutrients that did not get absorbed by the duodenum or jejunum
Ileum
86
The site where the ileum connects to the large intestine
Ileocecal junction
87
Secretions from the mucosa of the s. Intestine contain:
Mucus, ions and water
88
Two major enzymes groups of epithelial cells in the wall of S. Intestine
Peptidase, Disaccharidases
89
Digest proteins
Peptidases
90
Digest small sugars, specifically dissacharides
Disaccharidases
91
Largest internal organ of the body; located in the RUQ of the abdomen
Liver
92
Liver consists of 4 lobes:
Right lobe, left lobe, caudate lobe, quadrate lobe
93
A connective tissue septum that separates the left and right lobe
Falciform Ligament
94
2 sources that supplies blood to the liver:
Hepatic Artery, Hepatic portal vein
95
Delivers oxygenated blood to the liver
Hepatic artery
96
Carries nutrient- rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver
Hepatic portal vein
97
Liver 6 primary functions:
Bile production, Vitamin and mineral storage, detoxification of blood, helps metabolize proteins, absorption of bilirubin, albumin production
98
What are the 3 types in Bile production
Bile, bilirubin, bile salts
99
A complex solution that contains bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, lipids, lipid- soluble hormones, lecithin
Bile
100
A bile pigment which results from the breakdown of hemoglobin
Billirubin
101
Emulsify lipids
Bile salts
102
Is an extended, accessory digestive gland that is found retroperitoneally, crossing the bodies of the L1 and L2 vertebrae on the posterior abdominal wall
Pancreas
103
Lies transversely in the upper abdomen between the duodenum on the right and the spleen on the left
Pancreas
104
The stomach meets the first part of the small intestine
Head
105
Tapering part in the middle
Body
106
At the end of the pancreas
Tail
107
Are small islands of cells that produce hormones that regulate blood glucose levels (insulin and glucagon)
Pancreatic Islets or Islets of Langerhans
108
Functions in the pancreas
Exocrine pancreas and endocrine pancreas
109
Produces enzymes that help to digest food particularly protein
Exocrine pancreas
110
The major proteins digesting enzymes are:
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase
111
Digest starch for energy acquisition
Pancrealic amylase
112
Lipid- digesting enzyme
Lipase
113
Degrade DNA and RNA to their component nucleotides
Nucleases
114
Makes the hormone insulin, which helps control blood sugar levels
Endocrine Pancreas
115
The portion of the digestive tract extending from the ileocecal junction to the anus
Large intestine
116
4 parts of the Large Intestine
Cecum, Colon, Rectum, Anal Canal
117
Proximal end of the large intestine
Cecum
118
Attached to the cecum is a tube about 9cm long called?
Appendix
119
The Largest part of the large intestine
Colon
120
Is a straight muscular tube that begins of the termination of the sigmoid colonand ends at the canal
Rectum
121
Serves as a channel connecting the rectum to the end of the gastrointestinal system, the anus
Anal Canal
122
4 parts of the colon
The ascending colon, the transverse colon, descending colon, the sigmoid colon
123
Is the breakdown of food to molecules that are small enough to be absorbed into the blood
Digestion
124
Two types include in digestion:
Mechanical digestion, chemical digestion
125
Breaks large food particles into smaller ones
Mechanical digestion
126
Uses enzymes to break covalent chemical bonds in organic molecules
Chemical digestion
127
Begins in the stomach
Absorption
128
The simple molecules that result from chemical digestion pass through the cell membrane of the lining in the small intestine into the blood of lymph capillaries
Absorption
129
Requires carrier molecules and includes facilitated diffusion, co-transport and active transport
Transport
130
Forms the inner layer of the serous pericardium, also called epicardium
Visceral pericardium
131
Forms the outer layer of the serous pericardium
Parietal pericardium
