Lesson 6 (EENT) Flashcards by Jed Delos Santos

To investigate a complaint about the eyes, ears, nose and throat what should you ask for?

onset, location, duration, and characteristics (Symptoms as well as what aggravates them)

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What do you get on Physical Assessment Interview Data (Subjective)?

History

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What do you get on Physical Assessment Physical Data (Objective )?

Inspection
Palpation
Percussion
Auscultation

IPPA

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In the examination of the eyes, what includes in the assessment of external structures?

Visual Acuity, Ocular movement, Visual fields.

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the degree of detail the eye can discern in an image

Visual Acuity

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the ability of the eyes to move in various directions

Ocular movement

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the area an individual can see when looking straight ahead

Visual fields

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Most eye assessment procedures involve…

Inspection

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Types of refractive error on the lenses of the eyes

Myopia
Hyperopia
Presbyopia
Astigmatism

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nearsightedness

Myopia

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farsightedness

Hyperopia

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loss of elasticity of the lens and thus loss of ability to see close objects

Presbyopia

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An uneven curvature of the cornea that prevents horizontal and vertical rays from focusing on the retina

Astigmatism

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Common inflammatory visual problems that nurses may encounter in clients include:

conjunctivitis, dacryocystitis, hordeolum, iritis, and contusions or hematomas

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inflammation of the bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva

conjunctivitis

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may result from foreign bodies, chemicals, allergenic agents, bacteria, or viruses. Redness, itching, tearing, and mucopurulent discharge occur.

conjunctivitis

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inflammation of the lacrimal sac

Dacryocystitis

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is manifested by tearing and a discharge from the nasolacrimal duct.

Dacryocystitis

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STY

Hordeolum

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is a redness, swelling, and tenderness of the hair follicle and glands that empty at the edge of the eyelids.

Hordeolum

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inflammation of the iris

Iritis

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Photophobia

sensitivity to light

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may be caused by local or systemic infections and results in pain, tearing

Iritis

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are “black eyes” resulting from injury.

Contusions or hematomas

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tend to occur in individuals over 65 years old although they may be present at any age.

Cataracts

a disturbance in the circulation of aqueous fluid, which causes an increase in intraocular pressure

Glaucoma

is the most frequent cause of blindness in people over age 40 although it can occur at younger ages

Glaucoma

Pupils are normally...

black, are equal in size (about 3 to 7 mm in diameter), and have round, smooth borders.

Cloudy pupils are often indicative of...

Cataracts

enlarged pupils

Mydriasis

may indicate injury or glaucoma, or result from certain drugs

Mydriasis

constricted pupils

Miosis

may indicate an inflammation of the iris or result from such drugs as morphine/ heroin and other narcotics, barbiturates, or pilocarpine

Miosis

unequal pupils

Anisocoria

may result from a central nervous system disorder; however, slight variations may be normal.

Anisocoria

A bulging toward the cornea can indicate...

increased intraocular pressure.

ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES (EYE)

Snellen Chart Near vision Ishihara plates

Distant vision is tested by using the...

Snellen Chart

assessed by having a patient read from a prepared card that is held 14 inches away from the eyes

Near vision

commonly used to assess color vision.

Ishihara plates

Each of the colored dotted plates shows either a number or a path.

Ishihara plates

Assessment of the ear includes...

direct inspection and palpation of the external ear, inspection of the internal parts of the ear by an otoscope

instrument for examining the interior of the ear, especially the eardrum, consisting essentially of a magnifying lens and a light

Otoscope

The ear is divided into three parts:

The external ear includes:

auricle or pinna, the external auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane, or eardrum

Landmarks of the auricle include:

Lobule Helix Antihelix Tragus Triangular fossa External auditory meatus

a bony prominence behind the ear

Mastoid

air-filled cavity that starts at the tympanic membrane and contains three ossicles

Middle ear

three ossicles (bones of sound transmission):

Malleus (Hammer) Incus (Anvil) Stapes (Stirrups)

another part of the middle ear, connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx.

eustachian tube

a seashell-shaped structure essential for sound transmission and hearing

Cochlea

The inner canal contains:

Cochlea Vestibule Semicircular Canals

measure hearing at various decibels

Audiometric evaluations

is the result of interrupted transmission of sound waves through the outer and middle ear structures.

Conductive hearing loss

is the result of damage to the inner ear, the auditory nerve, or the hearing center in the brain.

Sensorineural hearing loss

is a combination of conduction and sensorineural loss.

Mixed hearing loss

ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES (EAR)

Whisper Test Rinne Test Weber Test

effective screening test used to detect hearing impairment if performed accurately

Whisper Test

evaluates hearing loss by comparing air conduction to bone conduction.

Rinne Test

another way to evaluate conductive and sensorineural hearing losses

Weber Test

Assessment of the nose includes:

inspection and palpation of the external nose (the upper third of the nose is bone; the remainder is cartilage); patency of the nasal cavities; and inspection of the nasal cavities.

The mouth and oropharynx are composed of a number of structures:

lips, oral mucosa, the tongue and floor of the mouth, teeth and gums, hard and soft palate, uvula, salivary glands, tonsillar pillars, and tonsils.

Normally, three pairs of salivary glands empty into the oral cavity:

Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.

Largest salivary gland and empties through stensen’s duct opposite the second molar.

Parotid gland

empties through wharton’s duct, which is situated on either side of the frenulum on the floor of the mouth

Submandibular gland

lies in the floor of the mouth and has numerous openings.

sublingual salivary gland

Dental caries

Cavities

Periodontal disease

Pyorrhea

two problems that most frequently affect the teeth

Cavities and Pyorrhea

an invisible soft film that adheres to the enamel surface of teeth

Plaque

a visible, hard deposit of plaque and dead bacteria that forms at the gum lines.

Tartar

Periodontal disease is characterized by...

gingivitis

red, swollen gingiva [gum]

gingivitis

inflammation of the tongue

glossitis

inflammation of the oral mucosa

stomatitis

inflammation of the parotid salivary gland

parotitis

food, microorganisms, and epithelial elements

sordes.

ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUE of the nose

Inspect and palpate the external nose Check the patency of airflow Inspect the internal nose