Lesson 9 Flashcards by Sierra Heflin

neurons

nerve cells that function to transmit electrical impulses

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neuroglia

cells that support the neurons

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central nervous system

composed of the brain and spinal cord

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peripheral nervous system

composed of the nerves that leave the CNS

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astrocyte

most abundant CNS neuroglia

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microglial cells

defensive cells in the CNS

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ependymal cells

line cerebrospinal fluid-filled cavities

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oligodendrocytes

have processes that form myelin sheaths around the CNS nerve fibers

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satellite cells and Schwann cells

form myelin, surround neurons in the PNS

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soma

the neuron’s cell body

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axon hillock

tapered structure between the soma and axon, important for producing the action potential

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dendrites

processes that conduct electrical impulses towards the soma, usually receives a signal from another cell

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axon

process that conducts electrical impulses away from the soma

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axon/synaptic terminal

found at the end of an axon

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synaptic cleft

gap found between the axon of one neuron and the target cell

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neuroplasma

cytoplasm

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neurofibrils

cytoskeleton elements

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nissl bodies

chromatophilic substance
- rough endoplasmic reticulum

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neuroglia are important for neuron function because: (2)

produce myelin to insulate axons
form nodes of Ranvier, which help propagate and increase action potential

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unipolar neuron

one very short process dividing into peripheral and central process from the soma

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bipolar neuron

two processes attached to the soma

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multipolar neuron

many dendrites and one axon attached to a soma

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sensory/afferent neurons

neurons carrying impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS, usually unipolar, contains sensory fibers

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motor/efferent neurons

neurons carrying impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands, usually multipolar, contains motor fibers

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interneurons

connects neurons in the sensory and motor pathways

mixed nerves

contains both sensory and motor fibers (spinal nerves)

endoneurium

surrounds each nerve fibers

perineurium

surrounds a group of nerve fibers to form fascicles

epineurium

surrounds a group of fascicles

somatic

voluntary muscle movements

autonomic

involuntary; subdivisons are the sympathetic and parasympathetic

forebrain

prosencephalon - cerebrum, diencephalon - thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

midbrain

mesencephalon - midbrain, brain stem

hindbrain

rhombencephalon - cerebellum, brain stem, and medulla oblongata

the prosencephalon splits into the _____ and _____

telencephalon, diencephalon

the rhombencephalon splits into the _____ and _____

metencephalon, myelencephalon

the telencephalon develops into the.....

cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres

the diencephalon develops into..... (4)

the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus retina

the mesencephalon develops into.....

midbrain of the brain stem

the metencephalon develops into.... (2)

the pons of the brainstem and the cerebellum

the myelencephalon develops into.....

the medulla oblongata of the brainstem

the telencephalon has which neural canal region?

the lateral ventricles

the diencephalon has which neural canal region?

the third ventricle

the mesencephalon has which neural canal region?

cerebral aqueduct

the metencephalon and myelencephalon have which neural canal region?

the fourth ventricle

the spinal cord has which neural canal region?

the central canal

prefrontal cortex - function and location

frontal lobe; intelligence, complex reasoning, personality

primary motor cortex - function and location

precentral gyrus on the frontal lobe; responsible for conscious and voluntary movement

primary somatosensory cortex - function and location

postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe; receives sensory information

somatosensory association cortex - function and location

posterior to primary somatosensory cortex; analyzes incoming stimuli for perception of a specific sensation

primary visual cortex - function and location

very back of the occipital lobe; responsible for vision

longitudinal fissure

separates the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum

central sulcus

separates the frontal and parietal lobes

lateral sulcus

separates the parietal and temporal lobes

parieto-occipital sulcus

separates the parietal and occipital lobes

transverse cerebral fissure

separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

Wernicke's area - function and location

junction or parietal and temporal lobes; language perception

Broca's area - function and location

base of prefrontal gyrus above the lateral sulcus; motor speech area

Uncus - function and location

on the medial surface of the temporal lobe; olfactory area

Wernicke and Broca's areas are only in which hemisphere?

left, usually

diencephalon characteristics (4)

- olfactory bulbs and tracts - optic nerves, chiasma, and tracts - pituitary gland - mammillary bodies

epithalamus structures (2)

1. pineal body 2. choroid plexus

pineal body

neuroendocrine structure involved in biological rhythm (day/night) cycle

thalamus

integration/relay sensory info to sensory cortex

Damage to what area can cause a person to go into a vegetative state?

thalamus

vegetative state

clinical loss of cerebral cortex function, person can display wakefulness without awareness

hypothalamus

regulates body temp, water balance, metabolism, etc.

the top of the diencephalon is marked by the _____ _____

corpus callosum

brain stem

connects cerebrum with lower CNS centers - pons and medulla oblongata

pons

motor and sensory tracts connecting the brain with the lower CNS centers

medulla oblongata (3)

- contains motor tracts from the cerebellum descending down the spinal cord - site of autonomic center that regulate heart rate, respiratory rhythm, blood pressure - involuntary centers for swallowing and vomiting

cerebellum

muscle coordination, balance, and equilibrium

arbor vitae

white matter found in the cerebellum

what happens when CSF is not drained as fast as it is produced?

the increased CSF compresses neural tissue and causes damage in adults

hydrocephalus

when CSF doesn't drain as fast as it is produced in infants; skull has fontanelles so it can expand to accomodate

I. Olfactory

smell/sensory

II. Optic

vision/sensory

III. Oculomotor

eye movement, iris contraction, vision focus/motor

IV. Trochlear

eye movement/motor

V. Trigeminal

chewing, facial sensations/both

VI. Abducens

eye movement/motor

VII. Facial

facial expressions, taste/both

VIII. Vestibulocochlear

hearing, equilibrium/sensory

IX. Glossopharyngeal

speech, swallowing, taste/both

X. Vagus

thoracic and abdominal viscera sensation; movement, speech, swallowing/both

XI. Accessory

head/shoulder movement/both

XII. Hypoglossal

tongue movement/motor

Lesson 9 Flashcards

(87 cards)