Lexis And Semantics Flashcards by Louis Keating

Dynamic verbs are…

Physical actions

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Stative verbs are…

States or conditions

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Types of dynamic verbs (2)

Material

Verbal

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Types of stative verbs (2)

Relational

Mental

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Material verbs as eg

Shows actions or events

eg hit, jump, build

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Verbal verbs and eg

Of communicating through speech

eg say, shout, scream, whisper

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Relational verbs and eg

Identifies properties or shows states of being

eg be, appear, seem, become

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Mental verbs and eg

Shows internal processes such as thinking

eg think, believe, wish

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Main verb eg

In a clause or sentence is the single verb that expresses the main meaning
Eg he BAKES cookies,

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Auxiliary verbs

(Helping verbs) are verbs that are placed in front of main verbs

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Types of auxiliary verbs (2)

Primary auxiliary verb

Modal auxiliary verbs

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Primary auxiliary verbs

Be, have, do

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Modal auxiliary verbs

Only ever used in conjunction with the main verb

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List of modal auxiliary verbs (9)

Can
Will
Shall
May 
Must
Could
Would
Should
Might

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Main Verb tenses (4)

Infinitive
Past form
Past principle
Present participle

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Other verb tenses (9)

Past simple
Past continuous
Past perfect
Present simple
Present continuous
Present perfect
Future simple 
Future continuous 
Future perfect

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Past simple formation and eg

Past form of the verb

I ate a sandwich

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Past continuous formation and eg

‘To be’ past tense + present participle of verb

I was eating

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Past perfect formation and eg

Past form of ‘have’ + past principle

I had eaten

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Present simple formation and eg

Infinitive form of the verb

I eat

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Present continuous formation and eg

‘To be’ + present participle

I am eating

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Present perfect formation and eg

‘Have’ + past principle

I have eaten

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Future simple formation and eg

‘Will’ + infinitive

I will eat

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Future continuous formation and eg

‘Will/shall’ + ‘be’ + present participle

I will be eating

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Future perfect formation and eg

‘Will/shall’ + have + eaten | I will have eaten

Actively voiced verb and eg

The person/thing performing action is emphasised as the subject of the verb The minister has issued an apology Thieves robbed a woman

Passively voiced verb and eg

Emphasis shifts to the object of the verb (the person or thing to which something has been done) Order of sentence is reversed An apology has been issued by the minister A woman was robbed (by thieves)

Types of adverbs and eg (4)

Time At 2 o clock, before, in the afternoon Place In the garden, there, here Manner Quickly, drunkenly, suddenly Frequency Sometimes, often, never

Proper nouns and eg

Refer to names of people or places | James, England

Abstract nouns and eg

Refer to states, feelings and concepts that don’t have a physical existence Love, anger

Concrete nouns and eg

Refer to objects that have a physical existence Countable (eg cup) Uncountable (furniture

Countable nouns and eg

Can be pluralised | Eg box, key, umbrella

Mass noun and eg

Can’t be pluralised | Advice, water, sympathy

Base adjectives and adverbs and eg

Basic form of an adjective or adverb, modifying another word | Big, interesting, carefully

Comparative adjectives and adverbs and eg

A form used to compare 2 instances ether adding -er or using ‘more’ The parcel was bigger That was a more interesting game

Superlative adjectives and adverbs and eg

A form used to compare more than 2 instances, identifying a best example That was the biggest parcel The most interesting game

Personal pronouns and eg

Refer to people and are differentiated in terms of person (1st, 2nd and third), number (singular/plural) and gender (male/female)

Demonstrative pronoun and eg

Orientate the reader or listener towards a person, object, or idea either nearby or further away This, these, that, those

Indefinite pronoun and eg

Refer to a person, object or idea that’s non specific | Someone, anybody, everything

Articles (determiner) and eg

Show that something is definite or indefinite | The (definite), a/an (indefinite)

Possessives (determiners) and eg

Show ownership | My, your, her, our

Quantifiers (determiners) and eg

Show either specific or non-specific quantities of a noun | One, two (specific), some, any a few (non specific)

Co-ordinating conjunctions and eg

Link words or larger structures such as phrases and clauses together where they are equal And, but, or, yet

Sub-ordinating conjunctions

Link clauses together to show one is dependent on another | Because, although, while, for

Adjective

Words which single out some feature or quality of a noun or product

Types of adjectives (3)

Comparative Superlative Same degree

Comparative adjective

(‘-er’ or ‘more’)

Superlative adjective

(‘-est’ or ‘most’)

Same degree adjective

(‘As...as’)

Modifier

A word, usually noun or adjective, used attributively that qualifies the sense of a noun Adverbs of a comment also acts as modifiers

Common noun and eg

Describe broader categories of entities and concepts | Eg street, dog, television

Collective nouns and eg

Used to refer to a group of animals, people or objects | Eg a flock of birds, a pack of lions

Noun phrase and eg

A group of words headed by a noun that includes modifiers | Eg The dog in the window, a foggy March night

Metaphor and eg

A direct comparison of 2 objects, people or things Eg Eg his moral compass was in need of some tuning, he has a broken heart

Simile and eg

When one thing is like or similar to something else | Eyes blue as sapphires, She fell over like a sack of potatoes

Personification

When something non-human is given a human characteristic | Eg the lightning danced

Synonym and eg

Word that shares a similar or identical meaning with another word Eg tally add, smell stink, rich wealthy

Antonym and eg

A word that has an opposite meaning from another word | Eg, scared brave, fast slow, small huge

Head word and eg

The word in a phrase that determines the syntactic category that phrase Eg boiling hot WATER

Modifier meaning and eg

words, phrases, or clauses that add description to sentences | Eg the BIG dog, a TINY bug